Questions and Answers
What is the definition of bone?
What is articulation?
joint
Which of the following are functions of the skeletal system? (Select all that apply)
What does storage refer to in the context of skeletal system functions?
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What is calcitonin (CT)?
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What is the function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
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What is hematopoiesis?
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What is red bone marrow?
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Which of the following are types of bones? (Select all that apply)
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What is the definition of sesamoid bone?
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What structures are commonly associated with long bones? (Select all that apply)
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What is the diaphysis?
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What is compact bone?
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What type of joint connects two bones using fibrous connective tissues?
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Amphiarthroses are freely movable joints.
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What is a hinge joint?
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What does rotation refer to in terms of joint movement?
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Study Notes
Bone Overview
- Bone is a highly specialized connective tissue with a hard, calcified matrix.
- Provides a rigid framework and support structure for the entire body.
- Functions include support, protection, movement, storage, and hematopoiesis (blood cell formation).
Articulation
- An articulation is essentially a joint, where two or more bones meet.
Functions of the Skeletal System
- Support: Provides shape and stability.
- Protection: Guards vital organs.
- Movement: Facilitates motion through joints and muscles.
- Storage: Maintains calcium homeostasis required for metabolic functions.
- Hematopoiesis: Formation of blood cells occurs primarily in red bone marrow.
Hormonal Regulation of Calcium
- Calcitonin (CT): Hormone from the thyroid that decreases blood calcium levels.
- Parathyroid Hormone (PTH): Increases blood calcium levels and is produced by the parathyroid glands.
Types of Bone
- Long Bones: Examples include humerus and femur.
- Short Bones: Examples include carpals.
- Flat Bones: Example includes frontal bone.
- Irregular Bones: Example includes vertebrae.
- Sesamoid Bones: Develop within tendons, e.g., patella.
Structure of Long Bones
- Diaphysis: Hollow tube made of compact bone, providing a lightweight yet strong structure.
- Medullary Cavity: Contains soft yellow bone marrow.
- Epiphyses: Ends of the bone filled with red bone marrow in spongy bone.
- Articular Cartilage: Cushions joints and reduces friction.
- Periosteum: Tough fibrous membrane covering the bone except at joint surfaces.
- Endosteum: Membrane lining the medullary cavity.
Compact vs. Spongy Bone
- Compact Bone: Dense and appears solid.
- Spongy Bone: Porous with a network of trabeculae, may contain marrow.
Cellular Components of Bone
- Osteons: Structural units of compact bone consisting of concentric layers.
- Osteocytes: Mature bone cells.
- Lacunae: Spaces that house bone cells.
- Canaliculi: Microscopic channels connecting lacunae to osteocytes and central canal.
Types of Connective Tissue
- Two major forms are Bone and Cartilage, with chondrocytes being the cartilage cells.
Bone Growth
- Endochondral Ossification: Process of bone formation from cartilage models.
- Epiphyseal Plate: Growth plate allowing lengthening of bones during development.
Skeleton Divisions
- Axial Skeleton: Comprises bones along the body's center (skull, vertebral column, rib cage).
- Appendicular Skeleton: Includes bones of the limbs and girdles.
Vertebral Column
- Composed of cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions.
- Curves in the spine include both concave (cervical, lumbar) and convex (thoracic, sacral) curves.
Ribs and Thorax
- True Ribs: First seven pairs attached directly to the sternum.
- False Ribs: 8th-10th pairs connected to the 7th rib cartilage.
- Floating Ribs: Last two pairs not attached to any cartilage.
Joints and Articulations
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Types of Articulations:
- Synarthroses: Immovable joints (e.g., sutures of the skull).
- Amphiarthroses: Slightly movable joints.
- Diarthroses: Freely movable joints.
Components of Diarthrosis
- Joint capsule, joint cavity, articular cartilage, and synovial membrane contributing to joint function and movement.
Types of Diarthroses
- Include ball-and-socket, hinge, pivot, saddle, gliding, and condyloid joints, each allowing specific movements.
Joint Movement Terms
- Flexion: Decreasing the angle at a joint.
- Extension: Increasing the angle at a joint.
- Rotation: Movement around a longitudinal axis.
Additional Concepts
- Bursae: Cushion-like sacs associated with joints to reduce friction.
- Bursitis: Inflammation of bursae.
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Description
Explore key terms and concepts related to the skeletal system in Anatomy Chapter 6. This quiz includes definitions for crucial terminology such as bone, articulation, and the primary functions of the skeletal system like support and protection. Perfect for students preparing for exams or those looking to reinforce their understanding of human anatomy.
