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Questions and Answers
What kind of bone is the fractured left ulna of a 22-year-old woman?
What kind of bone is the fractured left ulna of a 22-year-old woman?
How many named bones are in the adult human skeleton?
How many named bones are in the adult human skeleton?
206
The _____ skeleton consists of the bones that lie around the longitudinal axis of the human body.
The _____ skeleton consists of the bones that lie around the longitudinal axis of the human body.
axial
The human skeleton has more than 206 bones.
The human skeleton has more than 206 bones.
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What type of bone is primarily found inside the long bone?
What type of bone is primarily found inside the long bone?
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Match the following types of bones with their definitions:
Match the following types of bones with their definitions:
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What is periosteum?
What is periosteum?
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The two ends of a long bone are called the _____ and are formed of cancellous bone.
The two ends of a long bone are called the _____ and are formed of cancellous bone.
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Bone marrow is involved in the formation of blood cells.
Bone marrow is involved in the formation of blood cells.
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What are the primary functions of the skeleton?
What are the primary functions of the skeleton?
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Study Notes
Learning Outcomes
- Students will be able to describe the divisions of the skeletal system, types of bones, the structure of the long bone, and the periosteum.
Case Scenario
- A 22-year-old woman fractured her left ulna following an automobile accident.
- An ulna is a long bone.
Functions of the Skeleton
- Provides support and shape to the body.
- Protects soft organs.
- Enables movement due to attached skeletal muscles.
- Stores minerals and fats.
- Involved in blood cell formation.
Bone Composition
- Bone is composed of bone cells, intercellular matrix containing collagen fibers, inorganic salts, and minerals.
Classification of Bones
- Compact bone: Hard, dense like ivory, forming the surface of bones.
- Cancellous (spongy) bone: Present inside bones, consisting of trabeculae with spaces like a sponge.
Divisions of the Skeletal System
-
Axial Skeleton: Bones located around the longitudinal axis of the human body.
- Includes the skull, sternum, ribs, vertebral column, and hyoid bone.
- Appendicular Skeleton: Bones of the upper and lower limbs, plus the girdles connecting the limbs to the axial skeleton.
The Axial Skeleton
- Forms the longitudinal part of the body.
- Consists of:
- Skull
- Sternum
- Ribs
- Vertebral column
- Hyoid bone
Vertebral Column Regions
- Cervical Region: Cervical vertebrae (C1-C7).
- Thoracic Region: Thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12).
- Lumbar Region: Lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5).
- Sacrum: Triangular bone formed by the union of five sacral vertebrae (S1-S5).
- Coccyx: Formed by the fusion of four coccygeal vertebrae.
The Appendicular Skeleton: Bones of the Upper Limb
- Shoulder Girdle: Scapula and clavicle, connecting the upper limb to the trunk at the sternoclavicular joint.
- Arm: Humerus.
- Forearm: Radius and ulna.
-
Hand:
- Carpal (8)
- Metacarpals (5) numbered from one to five from lateral to medial.
- Phalanges (3 in each finger except the thumb which has 2).
The Appendicular Skeleton: Bones of the Lower Limb
- Pelvic Girdle: Hip bones connect the lower limb to the axial skeleton at the sacroiliac joint.
- Thigh: Femur.
- Leg: Tibia and fibula.
-
Foot:
- Tarsal bones (7)
- Metatarsals (5) numbered from medial to lateral.
- Phalanges (3 in each toe except the big toe which has 2).
Divisions of the Bone: Shape
- Bones can be classified into 6 types based on shape:
- Long: e.g., humerus, femur, metacarpals, and phalanges.
- Short: e.g., carpal and tarsal bones.
- Flat: e.g., vault of the skull, ribs, sternum, and scapula.
- Irregular: Have various shapes, e.g., vertebrae, hip bone.
- Pneumatic: Contain air spaces, e.g., maxilla and frontal bones.
- Sesamoid: Small bones embedded within tendons, e.g., patella.
Structure of a Long Bone
- Diaphysis: Shaft of the bone formed of outer compact bone covered by periosteum and containing an inner medullary cavity.
- Epiphysis: Two ends of the bone, formed of cancellous bone covered by compact bone, with the articular surface covered by hyaline cartilage.
- Metaphysis: Part of the diaphysis close to the epiphysis.
- Epiphyseal Plates of Cartilage: Cartilaginous discs between the epiphysis and diaphysis, responsible for the growth of the bone in length.
Periosteum
- A fibrous connective tissue covering the surface of the bone, except at the articular cartilage.
- Rich in nerve supply and highly sensitive.
Functions of the Periosteum
- Provides attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments.
- Source of blood supply to the bone.
- Contributes to the growth of the bone in width.
- Aids in healing of fractured bones.
Bone Marrow
- Fatty vascular tissue found in the medullary cavity of long bones and spaces within cancellous bone.
- Responsible for blood cell formation.
- Types of bone marrow:
- Red Bone Marrow: Found in all bone marrow cavities at birth, replaced by yellow bone marrow in distal long bones during childhood.
- Yellow Bone Marrow: Replaces red bone marrow in distal long bones during childhood.
- In Adults: Red bone marrow is found mainly in the vertebrae, ribs, sternum, skull, and pelvic girdle.
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Description
This quiz explores the human skeletal system, covering its divisions, types of bones, and the structure of long bones. Students will learn about the functions of the skeleton, the composition of bone, and the classification of bones. Engage with real-life scenarios to reinforce your understanding of skeletal anatomy.
