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Questions and Answers
What condition is characterized by an exaggerated lumbar curve?
Which part of the sternum is located inferiorly?
How many pairs of ribs are classified as true ribs?
What type of ribs are pairs 11 and 12 commonly referred to as?
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What is a common cause of kyphosis?
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How many bones make up the cranium?
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Which of the following bones is NOT part of the facial skeleton?
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What is the total number of bones in the axial skeleton?
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Which group of bones is found in the middle ear?
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Which of the following bones forms the upper jaw?
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The hyoid bone is primarily associated with which function?
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How many facial bones are there in total?
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Which of the following pairs of bones are auditory ossicles?
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What is a primary function of the hyoid bone?
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Which structure in the spinal column is responsible for forming the canal through which the spinal cord passes?
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How many vertebrae make up the cervical region of the vertebral column?
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Which vertebra is known as the atlas?
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What is a distinguishing feature of cervical vertebrae C3 to C7?
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What feature differentiates thoracic vertebrae from other regions?
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What describes the lumbar region of the vertebral column?
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What type of vertebrae make up the sacrum?
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What is the common name for the coccyx?
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Which of these sections of the vertebral column have a concave curvature?
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Study Notes
Defining Terms
- Lateral: refers to the side of the body.
- Anterior (ventral): refers to the front of the body.
- Posterior (dorsal): refers to the back of the body.
- Superior: refers to the top of the body.
- Inferior: refers to the bottom of the body.
- Articulate: means to attach to.
- Proximal: refers to a position closer to the point of attachment.
- Distal: refers to a position further away from the point of attachment.
- Medial: refers to the middle of the body.
The Skeleton
- The skeletal system consists of two main components:
-
Axial Skeleton: located down the midline of the body.
- It includes the skull, hyiod bone, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.
- It provides support and protection for vital organs.
-
Appendicular Skeleton: consists of the limbs and their girdles.
- It allows for movement and mobility.
-
Axial Skeleton: located down the midline of the body.
Axial Skeleton: Skull
- The skull is composed of:
- Cranium:
- Encases the brain.
- Consists of eight bones:
- One frontal bone.
- Two parietal bones.
- Two temporal bones.
- One occipital bone.
- One sphenoid bone.
- One ethmoid bone.
- Facial Bones:
- Fourteen bones in total.
- Two nasal bones.
- Two maxillae.
- Two zygomatic bones.
- Two lacrimal bones.
- Two palatine bones.
- Two inferior nasal conchae.
- One vomer.
- One mandible.
- Auditory Ossicles:
- The smallest bones in the body, found in the middle ear.
- Consist of:
- Two malleus.
- Two incus.
- Two stapes.
- Cranium:
Axial Skeleton: Hyoid Bone
- The hyoid bone doesn't articulate with any other bone.
- It serves as an attachment point for muscles involved in tongue, neck, and pharynx movements.
Axial Skeleton: Vertebral Column
- Also known as the spinal column.
- Each vertebral bone consists of:
- Body: Thick and situated at the anterior end.
- Lamina: Posterior portion.
- Pedicle: Connects the lamina to the body.
- Vertebral Arch: Formed by the lamina and pedicles.
- Vertebral foramen: A hole through which the spinal cord passes.
- Spinous process: Projection at the back, serving as a muscle and ligament attachment point.
- Two transverse processes: Projections on each side, serving as muscle and ligament attachment sites.
- Superior and inferior articular processes: Facets covered in hyaline cartilage, connecting vertebrae above and below.
Vertebral Column Regions
-
The vertebral column is divided into five regions:
-
Cervical Region: Contains seven vertebrae (C1-C7).
- The smallest and lightest vertebrae.
- C1 (Atlas): Has no body and spinous process, allowing head movement up and down.
- C2 (Axis): Contains typical vertebral components and houses the dens (odontoid process) for head rotation.
- C3-C7: Contain transverse foramina for vertebral arteries passing to the brain.
-
Thoracic Region: Contains twelve vertebrae (T1-T12).
- Articulate with the ribs posteriorly.
- Distinguishing feature is the articular facet for rib articulation.
-
Lumbar Region: Contains five vertebrae (L1-L5).
- Responsible for supporting body weight.
- Known as the "small of the back."
- Possess large thick body and heavy rectangular processes.
-
Sacrum Region: Consists of five fused vertebrae.
- Articulates with the ilium (pelvis) and the fifth lumbar vertebra.
- Contains intervertebral foramina for spinal nerve exit.
-
Coccyx Region: Composed of 3-5 (usually 4) fused vertebrae.
- Commonly referred to as the "tailbone."
- Largely non-functional.
-
Spinal Curvature
-
Normal Curvature:
- Cervical and lumbar sections are concave posteriorly.
- Thoracic and sacral sections are convex posteriorly.
-
Abnormal Curvature:
- Scoliosis: Lateral spinal curvature.
- Kyphosis: Exaggerated thoracic curvature (hunchback).
- Lordosis: Exaggerated lumbar curvature (swayback).
Axial Skeleton: Thoracic Cage
- Consists of the sternum and the ribs.
-
Sternum (Breastbone):
- Manubrium: Superior portion.
- Body: Middle portion.
- Xiphoid process: Inferior portion.
-
Ribs:
- Twelve pairs.
- Articulate posteriorly with the thoracic vertebrae.
- True Ribs: (7 pairs) attach directly to the sternum via costal cartilage.
- False Ribs: (Pairs 8-10) attach indirectly to the sternum through costal cartilage.
- Floating Ribs: (Pairs 11-12) are not attached to the sternum and are embedded in muscle.
-
Sternum (Breastbone):
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Description
Test your knowledge of the skeletal system terminology with this quiz! Explore key terms related to the axial and appendicular skeleton, as well as anatomical position descriptors. Perfect for students studying anatomy or related fields.
