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Questions and Answers
What type of joint has no joint cavity and no movement?
What type of joint has no joint cavity and no movement?
Which type of fibrous joint is found in the skull?
Which type of fibrous joint is found in the skull?
What type of cartilage is involved in primary cartilaginous joints?
What type of cartilage is involved in primary cartilaginous joints?
Which type of joint allows a limited degree of movement and is permanent?
Which type of joint allows a limited degree of movement and is permanent?
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Which of the following joints connects the roots of teeth to their sockets?
Which of the following joints connects the roots of teeth to their sockets?
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What feature is NOT a characteristic of a synovial joint?
What feature is NOT a characteristic of a synovial joint?
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Which type of synovial joint is characterized by motion around a horizontal axis?
Which type of synovial joint is characterized by motion around a horizontal axis?
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Which type of movement refers to bringing a limb closer to the midline?
Which type of movement refers to bringing a limb closer to the midline?
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Which of the following is an example of a non axial joint?
Which of the following is an example of a non axial joint?
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What is the primary characteristic of a polyaxial synovial joint?
What is the primary characteristic of a polyaxial synovial joint?
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Study Notes
Anatomy & Physiology BMS 101: Joints & Muscles
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Learning Objectives (ILOs): By the end of the lecture, students should be able to:
- Define joints
- Classify joints and list their types
- Classify types of muscles
- List types of muscle action
Joints
- A joint is the contact between two or more bones.
- Types of joints:
- Fibrous
- Cartilaginous
- Synovial
Fibrous Joints
- Opposed bony surfaces are connected by fibrous tissue.
- No joint cavity
- Little to no movement
- Types of fibrous joints:
- Sutures
- Gomphoses
- Syndesmoses
Sutures
- Present in the skull
- Bones of the skull are connected by a thin layer of fibrous tissue
Gomphoses
- Present in the teeth
- Roots of teeth are connected to their sockets by fibrous tissue
Syndesmoses
- Present in the inferior tibiofibular joint
- Lower end of tibia and fibula are connected by fibrous tissue
Cartilaginous Joints
- Opposed bony surfaces are connected by cartilage.
- No joint cavity
- Types of cartilaginous joints:
- Primary Cartilaginous
- Secondary Cartilaginous
Primary Cartilaginous Joint
- Bones are joined by hyaline cartilage
- Temporary
- Disappears by ossification
- No movement
- Site: at the ends of long bones, epiphyseal plate in children between epiphysis and diaphysis
Secondary Cartilaginous Joint
- Bones are joined by white fibrocartilaginous disc
- Permanent
- Limited degree of movement
- Site: symphysis pubis and intervertebral
Synovial Joints
- Characterized by a joint cavity
- Fibrous capsule
- Synovial membrane
- Synovial fluid
- Articular cartilage
- Ligaments
- Movements are always possible
- Types of synovial joints:
- Uniaxial
- Biaxial
- Polyaxial
- Non-axial (plane)
Types of Synovial Joints
Uniaxial
- Hinge (e.g., elbow joint, interphalangeal joint, ankle)
- Pivot (e.g., superior radioulnar joint)
Biaxial
- Condylar (e.g., knee joint)
- Ellipsoid (e.g., wrist joint)
- Saddle (e.g., carpometacarpal joint of the thumb)
Polyaxial
- Ball and socket (e.g., shoulder joint, hip joint)
Non-axial (Plane)
- Flat articular surfaces in which bones slide over each other (e.g., superior tibiofibular joint)
Movements of Joints
- Flexion
- Extension
- Abduction
- Adduction
- Rotation (medial/lateral)
- Pronation
- Supination
Muscles
- Muscle tissue is characterized by the property of contraction.
- Types of muscles:
- Skeletal
- Smooth
- Cardiac
Types of Muscles
| Feature | Skeletal | Cardiac | Smooth |
|---|---|---|---|
| Site | Attached to skeleton | In the myocardium of the heart | Walls of blood vessels and viscera |
| Contraction | Voluntary | Involuntary | Involuntary |
| Striations | Present | Present but less than in skeletal muscle | Absent |
| Nerve supply | Somatic nerve | Autonomic nerve | Autonomic nerve |
| Muscle cell (fiber) | Multinucleated with peripheral nuclei | Branch and fuse together with a single nucleus | Spindle-shaped with a single nucleus |
Skeletal Muscles
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Attachment of Skeletal Muscles:
- Origin: usually the most fixed attachment (proximal attachment)
- Insertion: usually the most mobile attachment (distal attachment)
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Types of Attachment:
- Attachment to bone
- Attachment to fibrous raphe
- Attachment to skin
- Attachment to intermediate tendon
- Attachment to cartilage
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Form of Skeletal Muscles:
- Muscles with parallel fibers (e.g., strap-like, fusiform, quadrilateral)
- Arrangement of muscle fibers in relation to the line of pull (extending between origin & insertion)
- Muscles with oblique fibers (e.g., unipennate, bipennate, multipennate, circular)
- Muscles with parallel fibers (e.g., strap-like, fusiform, quadrilateral)
Test Yourself Questions
-
Question 1: Which of the following is an ellipsoid joint?
- Wrist joint
-
Question 2: What is the type of elbow joint?
- Hinge
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Question 3: What are the joints between skull bones called?
- Sutures
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Description
Test your knowledge on the various types of joints in the human body, including fibrous and cartilaginous joints. This quiz covers the characteristics and movements allowed by different joints. Perfect for anatomy students looking to refine their understanding of joint classifications.
