Anatomy Quiz on Joints and Movement

Anatomy & Physiology BMS 101: Joints & Muscles

• Learning Objectives (ILOs): By the end of the lecture, students should be able to:
  • Define joints
  • Classify joints and list their types
  • Classify types of muscles
  • List types of muscle action

Joints

• A joint is the contact between two or more bones.
• Types of joints:
  • Fibrous
  • Cartilaginous
  • Synovial

Fibrous Joints

• Opposed bony surfaces are connected by fibrous tissue.
• No joint cavity
• Little to no movement
• Types of fibrous joints:
  • Sutures
  • Gomphoses
  • Syndesmoses

Sutures

• Present in the skull
• Bones of the skull are connected by a thin layer of fibrous tissue

Gomphoses

• Present in the teeth
• Roots of teeth are connected to their sockets by fibrous tissue

Syndesmoses

• Present in the inferior tibiofibular joint
• Lower end of tibia and fibula are connected by fibrous tissue

Cartilaginous Joints

• Opposed bony surfaces are connected by cartilage.
• No joint cavity
• Types of cartilaginous joints:
  • Primary Cartilaginous
  • Secondary Cartilaginous

Primary Cartilaginous Joint

• Bones are joined by hyaline cartilage
• Temporary
• Disappears by ossification
• No movement
• Site: at the ends of long bones, epiphyseal plate in children between epiphysis and diaphysis

Secondary Cartilaginous Joint

• Bones are joined by white fibrocartilaginous disc
• Permanent
• Limited degree of movement
• Site: symphysis pubis and intervertebral

Synovial Joints

• Characterized by a joint cavity
• Fibrous capsule
• Synovial membrane
• Synovial fluid
• Articular cartilage
• Ligaments
• Movements are always possible
• Types of synovial joints:
  • Uniaxial
  • Biaxial
  • Polyaxial
  • Non-axial (plane)

Types of Synovial Joints

Uniaxial

• Hinge (e.g., elbow joint, interphalangeal joint, ankle)
• Pivot (e.g., superior radioulnar joint)

Biaxial

• Condylar (e.g., knee joint)
• Ellipsoid (e.g., wrist joint)
• Saddle (e.g., carpometacarpal joint of the thumb)

Polyaxial

• Ball and socket (e.g., shoulder joint, hip joint)

Non-axial (Plane)

• Flat articular surfaces in which bones slide over each other (e.g., superior tibiofibular joint)

Movements of Joints

• Flexion
• Extension
• Abduction
• Adduction
• Rotation (medial/lateral)
• Pronation
• Supination

Muscles

• Muscle tissue is characterized by the property of contraction.
• Types of muscles:
  • Skeletal
  • Smooth
  • Cardiac

Types of Muscles

Skeletal Muscles

• Attachment of Skeletal Muscles:
  • Origin: usually the most fixed attachment (proximal attachment)
  • Insertion: usually the most mobile attachment (distal attachment)
• Types of Attachment:
  • Attachment to bone
  • Attachment to fibrous raphe
  • Attachment to skin
  • Attachment to intermediate tendon
  • Attachment to cartilage
• Form of Skeletal Muscles:
  • Muscles with parallel fibers (e.g., strap-like, fusiform, quadrilateral)
    • Arrangement of muscle fibers in relation to the line of pull (extending between origin & insertion)
  • Muscles with oblique fibers (e.g., unipennate, bipennate, multipennate, circular)

Test Yourself Questions

• Question 1: Which of the following is an ellipsoid joint?

  • Wrist joint

• Question 2: What is the type of elbow joint?

  • Hinge

• Question 3: What are the joints between skull bones called?

  • Sutures