Joints & Muscles BMS 101 Lecture Notes PDF

Anatomy & physiology BMS 101 Joints & muscles DR.Mogeda Mahdy Professor of Anatomy & Embryology gu.edu.eg By the end of the lecture, students should be able to: 1-Define the joints 2- classify the joint and list its types...

Anatomy & physiology BMS 101 Joints & muscles DR.Mogeda Mahdy Professor of Anatomy & Embryology gu.edu.eg By the end of the lecture, students should be able to: 1-Define the joints 2- classify the joint and list its types 4- classify types of muscles 5-list types muscle action 2 Joints  Joints A joint is the contact between two or more bones. Types of joints: Fibrous joints Cartilaginous joints Synovial joints Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Fibrous Joints. The opposed bony surfaces are connected by fibrous tissue. There is no joint cavity No movements Types of fibrous joint Gomphoses syndesmoses Sutures Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Sutures ○ Present in the skull ○ The bones of skull are connected together by a thin layer of fibrous tissue Dr. Mogeda 6 Mahdy  Gomphoses Present in the teeth. The roots of teeth are connected to their sockets by a fibrous tissue. Dr. Mogeda 7 Mahdy  Syndesmosis Present in the inferior tibio fibular joint The lower end of tibia and fibula are connected together by a fibrous tissue Dr. Mogeda 8 Mahdy  Cartilaginous Joint The opposed bony surfaces are connected by cartilage There is no joint cavity Types of Cartilaginous Joint Primary cartilaginous joint Secondary Cartilaginous Joint Dr. Mogeda Mahdy 1 – Primary cartilaginous joint : Bones are joined by hyaline cartilage It is temporary Disappears by ossification. No movement Site : at the ends of long bones epiphyseal plate in children between epiphysis and diaphysis 10  2- Secondary Cartilaginous Joint -The two bones joined by white fibrocartilaginous disc -Permanent -Limited degree of movement Site: symphysis pubis and intervertebral Dr. Mogeda 11 Mahdy 12 Synovial Joint Characteristics (Structure )of synovial joint 1-Joint cavity 2-fibrous capsule. 3-synovial membrane 4-synovial fluid. 5-articular cartilage. 6-ligaments Movements: are always possible. Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Types of synovial joints Biaxial: non axial Uniaxial: Polyaxial: (plane): Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Uniaxial: A-hinge (horizontal axis) Elbow joint interphalangeal Humerus Ankle joint Radius ulna  Uniaxial: B-pivot (vertical axis) example : superior radioulnar joint Dr. Mogeda Mahdy 2 - Biaxial: has two perpendicular axes of movement. There 3 types: A- condylar e.g knee joint Dr. Mogeda Mahdy B- (ellipsoid) Joints : wrist joint Dr. Mogeda Mahdy 2 - Biaxial: C-Saddle Joints e.g Carpo metacarpal joint of the thumb Dr. Mogeda Mahdy 3- Polyaxial: Called ball and socket Allow all types of movements. Shoulder joint Dr. Mogeda Mahdy 4 – non axial (plane): Flat articular surfaces in which bones slide over each other e.g,. superior tibio-fibular joint MOVEMENTS OF JOINT Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Flexion :approximate two anterior surface Extension :two anterior surface away from each other Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Abduction 🡪 moving a limb away from midline Adduction 🡪 moving a limb towards the midline Dr. Mogeda Mahdy 23  Rotation: Medial or lateral rotation of the limb around a vertical axis Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Pronation :medial rotation of forearm which brings palm of hand to face posteriorly Supination::lateral rotation of forearm which brings palm of hand to face anteriorly Dr. Mogeda Mahdy Muscles Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  muscles Muscle tissue is characterized by the property of contraction Types of muscle 1--Skeletal 2- Smooth 3- Cardiac Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Types of muscles skeletal Cardiac smooth Site Attached to skeleton, In the myocardium of Walls of blood vessels the heart and viscera Contraction Voluntary Involuntary Involuntary Striations Present Present but less than in Absent skeletal muscle Nerve supply Somatic nerve Autonomic nerve Autonomic nerve Muscle cell (fiber) Multinucleated with Branch and fuse Spindle-shaped with peripheral nuclei together with single single nucleus nucleus.  Skeletal muscles 1- Attachment of skeletal muscles Origin: usually the most fixed attachment (proximal attachment). Insertion: usually the most mobile attachment (distal attachment). Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Skeletal muscles 1- Types of attachment Attachment to bone (common type) Attachment to fibrous raphe Attachment to skin Attachment to intermediate tendon Attachment to cartilage Dr. Mogeda Mahdy Form of Skeletal Muscles The muscle form depends on the arrangement of the muscle fibers in relation to the line of pull (line extending between the origin & insertion). Muscles with parallel fibers Dr. Mogeda Mahdy Form of skeletal muscle Muscles with oblique fibers Dr. Mogeda Mahdy Thank You gu.edu.eg  Test yourself 1-The following is an ellipsoid joint: A- Inferior radioulnar B- Superior radioulnar C- Intercarpal joints D- Wrist joint Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Test yourself 2- The type of elbow joint is: A- Ellipsoid B- Saddle C- Condylar D- Hinge Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Test yourself 3-The joints between skull bones are called A- Suture B- Syndesmosis C- Synchondrosis D- Symphysis Dr. Mogeda Mahdy