Anatomy & Physiology Quiz 2

Questions and Answers

What is plasma?

Blood plasma is the liquid part of the blood, consisting of water with dissolved substances.

What does plasma carry?

Wastes that cells must get rid of.

What does plasma contain?

Nutrients, oxygen, salts, and a small amount of oxygen.

What is serum?

Plasma minus its clotting factors. Signup and view all the answers

What is in serum?

Antibodies. Signup and view all the answers

What can we do with serum?

It can be used to treat patients that have a need for specific antibodies. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of albumin?

Helps thicken and maintain blood volume. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of globulins?

They include antibodies that help protect us from infections. Signup and view all the answers

What are the alternative names for red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets?

Red blood cells are erythrocytes, white blood cells are leukocytes, and platelets are thrombocytes. Signup and view all the answers

What is myeloid tissue?

Better known as red bone marrow. Signup and view all the answers

What does myeloid tissue produce?

Blood cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is lymphatic tissue?

Tissue responsible for manufacturing lymphocytes and monocytes. Signup and view all the answers

Where is the greatest amount of red bone marrow found?

In the vertebrae, ribs, sternum, and proximal ends of the humerus and femur. Signup and view all the answers

What is the lifespan of a red blood cell?

Up to 4 months (120 days). Signup and view all the answers

What is the lifespan of granular leukocytes?

A few days. Signup and view all the answers

What is the lifespan of nongranular leukocytes?

More than 6 months. Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of a red blood cell?

Contain red blood cells suspended in plasma, slightly alkaline, and have a specific blood volume. Signup and view all the answers

What are the definitions of anemia?

A number of conditions causing insufficient oxygen transport in blood. Signup and view all the answers

What is a hematocrit?

A measure of the total blood volume made up by RBCs. Signup and view all the answers

What are lymphocytes?

WBCs that help protect against infections. Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are phagocytes?

Neutrophils. Signup and view all the answers

What do T cells do?

Attack virally infected or cancerous cells. Signup and view all the answers

What do platelets do at the site of injury?

Form a temporary platelet plug and release clotting factors. Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for thrombin to be formed?

Normal amount of blood calcium. Signup and view all the answers

What is the final step in hemostasis?

Formation of a meshwork that traps RBCs and forms a blood clot. Signup and view all the answers

Why might vitamin K be prescribed?

To ensure that blood will clot fast enough to prevent hemorrhage. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of interstitial fluid?

Filters out of capillaries and enters the lymphatic system. Signup and view all the answers

How many vessels are associated with lymph nodes?

4 afferent and 1 efferent. Signup and view all the answers

What kind of vessels are found in lymph nodes?

Afferent and efferent. Signup and view all the answers

What kind of cells does the lymph node contain?

Lymphocytes. Signup and view all the answers

What can be carried in lymph?

Cancer cells, viruses, bacteria, cellular debris. Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of the spleen?

The largest lymphoid organ with a rich blood supply. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the immune system?

To protect against microorganisms and abnormal cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is happening in the inflammatory process?

Tissue damage causes immune mediators to attract WBCs. Signup and view all the answers

What is an antigen?

A toxin or foreign substance inducing an immune response. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two major lymphocytes?

B cells and T cells. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Blood Plasma

Blood plasma is the liquid component of blood, consisting mainly of water and dissolved substances.
It transports waste products to excretory organs for elimination.
Plasma contains essential chemicals, including nutrients, oxygen, and minerals.

Serum

Serum is blood plasma without clotting factors like fibrinogen.
It contains antibodies and is used for treating patients needing specific antibodies.

Functions of Plasma Proteins

Albumins maintain blood volume and viscosity.
Globulins, including antibodies, are critical for immune response against infections.

Blood Components

Red blood cells (RBCs) are known as erythrocytes; white blood cells (WBCs) are leukocytes; platelets are called thrombocytes.

Myeloid and Lymphatic Tissue

Myeloid tissue, or red bone marrow, primarily produces blood cells, located in bones like the sternum and ribs.
Lymphatic tissue generates lymphocytes and monocytes, mainly found in lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen.

Blood Cell Lifespans

Erythrocytes have a lifespan of about 120 days.
Granular leukocytes typically live only for a few days.
Nongranular leukocytes can survive over six months.

Blood Composition

Blood is composed of approximately 55% plasma and 45% formed elements (cells and platelets).
Normal blood pH ranges from 7.35 to 7.45.

Anemia

Anemia describes conditions where blood cannot carry enough oxygen due to insufficient RBCs or hemoglobin.
Types include hemorrhagic anemia, aplastic anemia, pernicious anemia, and sickle cell anemia.

Hematocrit

Hematocrit measures the proportion of blood volume occupied by RBCs, typically around 45%.
Higher values are observed in men than in women.

Immune Functions of Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes are vital to the immune system; B lymphocytes produce antibodies, while T lymphocytes directly attack infected or malignant cells.

Platelets and Coagulation

Platelets form a temporary plug at injury sites, releasing clotting factors that initiate blood coagulation.
Normal calcium levels are essential for thrombin formation, crucial in the clotting process.

Vitamin K and Clotting

Vitamin K enhances prothrombin synthesis in the liver, speeding up blood clotting during surgeries.

Blood Type Antigens

Blood type is determined by the presence of self-antigens: A, B, AB, or type O lacking both.
Antigen-antibody interactions are essential for blood transfusion compatibility.

Lymphatic System

Interstitial fluid originates from blood plasma and is crucial for nutrient delivery and waste removal.
Lymphatic vessels carry lymph, which includes cancer cells, viruses, and cellular debris.

Spleen Characteristics

The spleen, the largest lymphoid organ, filters blood and stores excess blood, also removing old RBCs.

Functions of the Immune System

The immune system defends against pathogens and malignancies through an interconnected network of organs and cells.

Inflammatory Response

Inflammation is a nonspecific response characterized by increased blood flow and permeability, causing redness, heat, swelling, and pain.

Antigens and Immune Response

Antigens are foreign substances that trigger the immune response, leading to the production of antibodies.

Types of Specific Immunity

Natural immunity occurs without deliberate exposure, while artificial immunity involves deliberate exposure, such as vaccinations.
Active immunity develops following infection or vaccination, whereas passive immunity involves the transfer of antibodies from another individual.

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Description

Test your knowledge on blood plasma and its functions with this flashcard quiz. Learn about what plasma is, what it carries, and its essential components. Perfect for students studying anatomy and physiology!