Questions and Answers
What is plasma?
Blood plasma is the liquid part of the blood, consisting of water with dissolved substances.
What does plasma carry?
Wastes that cells must get rid of.
What does plasma contain?
Nutrients, oxygen, salts, and a small amount of oxygen.
What is serum?
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What is in serum?
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What can we do with serum?
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What is the function of albumin?
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What is the function of globulins?
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What are the alternative names for red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets?
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What is myeloid tissue?
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What does myeloid tissue produce?
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What is lymphatic tissue?
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Where is the greatest amount of red bone marrow found?
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What is the lifespan of a red blood cell?
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What is the lifespan of granular leukocytes?
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What is the lifespan of nongranular leukocytes?
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What are the characteristics of a red blood cell?
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What are the definitions of anemia?
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What is a hematocrit?
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What are lymphocytes?
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Which cells are phagocytes?
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What do T cells do?
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What do platelets do at the site of injury?
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What is necessary for thrombin to be formed?
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What is the final step in hemostasis?
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Why might vitamin K be prescribed?
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What is the significance of interstitial fluid?
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How many vessels are associated with lymph nodes?
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What kind of vessels are found in lymph nodes?
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What kind of cells does the lymph node contain?
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What can be carried in lymph?
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What are the characteristics of the spleen?
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What is the function of the immune system?
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What is happening in the inflammatory process?
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What is an antigen?
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What are the two major lymphocytes?
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Study Notes
Blood Plasma
- Blood plasma is the liquid component of blood, consisting mainly of water and dissolved substances.
- It transports waste products to excretory organs for elimination.
- Plasma contains essential chemicals, including nutrients, oxygen, and minerals.
Serum
- Serum is blood plasma without clotting factors like fibrinogen.
- It contains antibodies and is used for treating patients needing specific antibodies.
Functions of Plasma Proteins
- Albumins maintain blood volume and viscosity.
- Globulins, including antibodies, are critical for immune response against infections.
Blood Components
- Red blood cells (RBCs) are known as erythrocytes; white blood cells (WBCs) are leukocytes; platelets are called thrombocytes.
Myeloid and Lymphatic Tissue
- Myeloid tissue, or red bone marrow, primarily produces blood cells, located in bones like the sternum and ribs.
- Lymphatic tissue generates lymphocytes and monocytes, mainly found in lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen.
Blood Cell Lifespans
- Erythrocytes have a lifespan of about 120 days.
- Granular leukocytes typically live only for a few days.
- Nongranular leukocytes can survive over six months.
Blood Composition
- Blood is composed of approximately 55% plasma and 45% formed elements (cells and platelets).
- Normal blood pH ranges from 7.35 to 7.45.
Anemia
- Anemia describes conditions where blood cannot carry enough oxygen due to insufficient RBCs or hemoglobin.
- Types include hemorrhagic anemia, aplastic anemia, pernicious anemia, and sickle cell anemia.
Hematocrit
- Hematocrit measures the proportion of blood volume occupied by RBCs, typically around 45%.
- Higher values are observed in men than in women.
Immune Functions of Lymphocytes
- Lymphocytes are vital to the immune system; B lymphocytes produce antibodies, while T lymphocytes directly attack infected or malignant cells.
Platelets and Coagulation
- Platelets form a temporary plug at injury sites, releasing clotting factors that initiate blood coagulation.
- Normal calcium levels are essential for thrombin formation, crucial in the clotting process.
Vitamin K and Clotting
- Vitamin K enhances prothrombin synthesis in the liver, speeding up blood clotting during surgeries.
Blood Type Antigens
- Blood type is determined by the presence of self-antigens: A, B, AB, or type O lacking both.
- Antigen-antibody interactions are essential for blood transfusion compatibility.
Lymphatic System
- Interstitial fluid originates from blood plasma and is crucial for nutrient delivery and waste removal.
- Lymphatic vessels carry lymph, which includes cancer cells, viruses, and cellular debris.
Spleen Characteristics
- The spleen, the largest lymphoid organ, filters blood and stores excess blood, also removing old RBCs.
Functions of the Immune System
- The immune system defends against pathogens and malignancies through an interconnected network of organs and cells.
Inflammatory Response
- Inflammation is a nonspecific response characterized by increased blood flow and permeability, causing redness, heat, swelling, and pain.
Antigens and Immune Response
- Antigens are foreign substances that trigger the immune response, leading to the production of antibodies.
Types of Specific Immunity
- Natural immunity occurs without deliberate exposure, while artificial immunity involves deliberate exposure, such as vaccinations.
- Active immunity develops following infection or vaccination, whereas passive immunity involves the transfer of antibodies from another individual.
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Test your knowledge on blood plasma and its functions with this flashcard quiz. Learn about what plasma is, what it carries, and its essential components. Perfect for students studying anatomy and physiology!