Human Blood Physiology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What percentage of whole blood is constituted by formed elements?

55%

45% (correct)

8.5%

What is the normal pH range of human arterial blood?

7.45-7.55

7.35-7.45 (correct)

7.40-7.50

7.25-7.35

Which plasma protein constitutes the largest percentage of plasma proteins?

Globulins

Albumins (correct)

Immunoglobulins

Fibrinogen

What shape do mature red blood cells take?

Biconcave disc (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about blood plasma?

It appears yellow in color. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How much blood volume does an average adult human have?

5 liters (C) Signup and view all the answers

What role do plasma proteins play in the body?

They maintain proper blood osmotic pressure. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Where are red blood cells primarily formed in adults?

Bone marrow (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the lecture notes authored by Yared Alemu and others?

Training health professionals, particularly laboratory technologists (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which organizations collaborated in the production of the lecture notes?

Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative and The Carter Center (D) Signup and view all the answers

How many chapters are included in the lecture notes?

22 (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of permissions is granted for printing and photocopying the lecture notes?

Free use for educational, not-for-profit purposes (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the intended audience for these lecture notes?

Practicing health care workers and students (A) Signup and view all the answers

What do the chapters in the lecture notes begin with?

Specific learning objectives (C) Signup and view all the answers

What problem are the authors trying to address with these lecture notes?

Insufficient reference materials and lack of uniformity in course syllabi (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is prohibited under the guidelines for using these lecture notes?

Commercial distribution or selling (A) Signup and view all the answers

Where does hemopoiesis first establish during fetal life?

Yolk sac mesenchyme (B) Signup and view all the answers

At what point does bone marrow completely take over hemopoiesis from the liver?

At term (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which bones are primarily involved in hemopoiesis from infancy to adulthood?

Sternum, ribs, and pelvis (C) Signup and view all the answers

What role do extracellular matrix components like fibronectin and collagen play in hemopoiesis?

They provide a supportive environment for stem cells. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the proliferation of erythrocyte precursors?

Erythropoietin (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are responsible for producing various cytokines that regulate hematopoiesis?

Red bone marrow cells, leukocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does the body respond to increased demands for blood cells?

By increasing cell production (A) Signup and view all the answers

What separates the extravascular marrow compartment from the intravascular compartment?

A single layer of endothelial cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical size of a mature basophil?

10-12µm (B) Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic helps to identify a monoblast under histochemical criteria?

Delicate blue to purple stippling chromatin (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding eosinophils in deficiency states?

Eosinophils with more than two lobes are indicative of vitamin B12 deficiency. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of the promonocyte?

It is the only cell capable of mitotic division among monocytic cells. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How would you describe the cytoplasm of mature monocytes?

Sparse and gray-blue with fine azurophilic granules. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of nuclear shape can be observed in mature eosinophils?

Complex multilobed (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio in a promonocyte?

7:1 (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which feature differentiates basophils from eosinophils in terms of their granules?

Eosinophil granules are primarily orange-pink. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of a thin blood film in hematology?

To allow for clearer visualization of blood cell morphology (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the preparation technique for a thin blood film?

Spreading a small drop of blood until small prints are visible through the smear. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential effect of using a blood sample that has been kept at room temperature for an extended period on blood cell morphology?

It can cause distortion of cell shapes and alterations in staining properties. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which dye mixture was developed by Romanowsky for staining blood cells?

Old methylene blue mixed with eosin and dissolved in methyl alcohol (A) Signup and view all the answers

What color does eosin stain in blood films due to its acidic nature?

Red, due to interaction with basic components of cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the staining properties of methylene blue in Romanowsky stains?

It stains acidic parts of the cell, such as nucleic acids. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a desirable quality of a thin blood film?

A thickness suited for visualizing all cell types clearly (B) Signup and view all the answers

What problem may arise during the staining of blood films?

Using insufficient dye concentration (D) Signup and view all the answers

What color are the nuclei of leucocytes when viewed in a Romanowsky-stained blood film?

Blue to purple (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which granules are distinctly red orange in color in a Romanowsky-stained blood film?

Eosinophilic granules (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the diluent used for Giemsa stain in buffered distilled water?

pH 7.1-7.2 (A) Signup and view all the answers

During the Jenner-Giemsa staining method, how long should the films be immersed in methanol for fixation?

10-20 minutes (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the blood film has a sky blue cytoplasm and red purple chromatin when infected with malaria?

Malaria parasites (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of panoptic staining?

To improve the visualization of cytoplasmic granules and nucleoli (D) Signup and view all the answers

What color are platelet granules in a Romanowsky-stained blood film?

Violet (D) Signup and view all the answers

What should be done after staining with Giemsa stain in the preparation process?

Wash with distilled water and air dry (A) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

LECTURE NOTES

For Medical Laboratory Students
Topic: Hematology

PREFACE

The lack of sufficient reference materials and uniformity in course syllabi has been a problem in higher institutions in Ethiopia that are engaged in training health professionals including laboratory technologists.
The authors hope their lecture notes will be immensely useful, providing learning objectives, backgrounds for the topics in discussion, as well as study questions.
Important terms are defined in a glossary section at the end of the text.
Contains 22 chapters.

Contains the titles and page numbers for chapters ranging from Blood to Automation in Hematology.

INTRODUCTION

The word hematology comes from the Greek words "haima" (blood) and "logos" (discourse) and is the science of blood.
The study includes blood cells, their precursors in the bone marrow, plasma/serum components, and blood coagulation.
The history of blood study stretches back to primitive man.
Early approaches were descriptive, but microscopic examination led to deeper understanding.
Modern technology allows for automated and molecular biological analysis of cells and proteins.

CHAPTER ONE: BLOOD

Learning Objectives: Explain composition, describe function, describe blood cell formation, indicate sites of hemopoiesis.
Composition of blood: blood plasma (about 55%) and formed elements (about 45%). Plasma is mainly water (91.5%) with blood proteins, various solutes, nutrients, etc.
Formed elements: red blood cells (erythrocytes); white blood cells (leucocytes); and platelets (thrombocytes).
Blood plasma: mainly water (about 91.5%); proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen) compose about 8.5%; and electrolytes, gases, and waste products.
Formed elements (cells): their numbers and constant levels in health.

OTHER CHAPTERS

The remaining chapters (2-22) cover detailed topics in hematology, including discussions of blood collection, anticoagulants, blood smear preparation, staining methods, red blood cell indices, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, osmotic fragility, bone marrow examination, and other relevant hematological subjects.
Detailed information and diagrams are included for each chapter.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

(For each chapter) Questions are designed to assess understanding of the related chapter's topic.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the physiology of human blood with this quiz. It covers various aspects, including the composition of blood, functions of plasma proteins, and the formation of blood cells. Perfect for students studying health sciences or related fields.