Milady: Chapter 6 Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy and Physiology Basics

• Anatomy studies human body structures visible to the naked eye and their organization.
• Physiology focuses on the functions and activities of body structures.
• "Ology" signifies the study of a specific field.

Cellular Structure and Function

• Histology or microscopic anatomy examines tiny structures in living tissues.
• Cells are the fundamental units of all living organisms, inclusive of bacteria, plants, and animals.
• Protoplasm refers to the colorless, jelly-like substance in cells containing various food elements.
• Nucleus is the dense protoplasm at the cell's center, essential for reproduction and metabolism.
• Cytoplasm is the protoplasm outside the nucleus.

Cell Reproduction and Metabolism

• Mitosis is the cell division process creating two identical daughter cells.
• Metabolism encompasses chemical processes nourishing cells and enabling activities.
• Catabolism breaks down complex compounds into simpler substances.

Tissues and Their Functions

• Tissue is a group of similar cells fulfilling a specific function.
• Connective tissue connects different body structures, includes various types such as bone, cartilage, and blood vessels.
• Adipose tissue (fat) provides body smoothness and contours.

Skeletal System

• Comprised of 206 bones, providing the body's physical foundation.
• Functions include structural support, organ protection, muscle attachments for movement, blood cell production, and mineral storage (calcium, phosphorus).

Bones of the Skull and Face

• Facial skeleton consists of 14 bones.
• Cranium comprises 8 bones, which include occipital, parietal (2), frontal, temporal (2), ethmoid, and sphenoid bones.
• Zygomatic bones form the cheek's prominence, while lacrimal bones are at the inner eye socket.

Limbs and Muscle Types

• Humerus is the uppermost arm bone; ulna is the larger forearm bone.
• Phalanges are the bone structures of fingers and toes.
• Femur is the long bone above the knee.
• Striated muscles (skeletal muscles) are voluntary, aiding posture and movement.
• Nonstriated muscles (smooth muscles) function involuntarily.

Muscular Anatomy

• Origin refers to the stationary part of a muscle attached to the skeleton; insertion refers to the moving part.
• Frontalis muscle raises eyebrows and wrinkles the forehead; eyebrow muscles include orbicularis oculi and corrugator.

Nervous System Overview

• The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, coordinating body functions.
• Nerves extend throughout the body, transmitting impulses.
• Neurology is the study of the nervous system's structure and function.

Cardiovascular and Blood System

• The circulatory system distributes blood, known as the cardiovascular system.
• A normal heart beats 60 to 80 times per minute, with a potential peak of 100 beats.
• Blood supplies oxygen and nutrients while removing waste.
• Hemoglobin in red blood cells binds oxygen and imparts blood color.

Endocrine and Respiratory Systems

• The endocrine system consists of glands regulating growth, development, and health through hormones.
• Lungs carry out gas exchange, exchanging inhaled air for carbon dioxide.

Integumentary System

• Comprising the skin and accessory organs, it includes oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair, and nails, serving as a natural covering for the body.