Milady: Chapter 6 Anatomy and Physiology

Questions and Answers

What is the study of the human body structures that can be seen with the naked eye?

Ology

Physiology

Histology

Anatomy (correct)

What does the term 'physiology' refer to?

Study of how muscles work

Study of body structures

Study of the chemical processes in the body

Study of the functions of body structures (correct)

What does the suffix 'ology' mean?

study of

What is histology?

The study of tiny structures found in living tissues. Signup and view all the answers

What are cells?

Basic units of all living things. Signup and view all the answers

What is protoplasm?

Colorless jelly-like substance found inside cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the nucleus?

Dense, active protoplasm found in the center of the cell. Signup and view all the answers

What does cytoplasm refer to?

Protoplasm of a cell, except for the protoplasm in the nucleus. Signup and view all the answers

What is mitosis?

The process of cell reproduction. Signup and view all the answers

What are favorable conditions for cell function?

Adequate supply of food, oxygen, water, and proper temperature. Signup and view all the answers

What is metabolism?

A chemical process in living organisms. Signup and view all the answers

What is catabolism?

The phase of metabolism that involves breaking down complex compounds. Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes a tissue?

A collection of similar cells that perform a specific function. Signup and view all the answers

What is connective tissue?

Tissue that connects different structures of the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is adipose tissue?

Technical term for fat. Signup and view all the answers

What are organs?

Structures composed of specialized tissues. Signup and view all the answers

What is the skeletal system?

The physical foundation of the body composed of bones. Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary functions of the skeletal system?

Support, protection, muscle attachment, blood cell production, and mineral storage. Signup and view all the answers

What is the facial skeleton?

The framework of the face composed of 14 bones. Signup and view all the answers

How many bones does the cranium have?

8 bones. Signup and view all the answers

What is the occipital bone?

The hindmost bone of the skull. Signup and view all the answers

What are the parietal bones?

Bones forming the side and top of the cranium. Signup and view all the answers

What does the frontal bone form?

The forehead. Signup and view all the answers

What are temporal bones?

Bones that form the sides of the head. Signup and view all the answers

What is the ethmoid bone?

Light spongy bone between the eye sockets. Signup and view all the answers

What is the sphenoid bone?

Bone that joins all of the bones of the cranium together. Signup and view all the answers

What are lacrimal bones?

Small bones located at the front inner wall of the orbits. Signup and view all the answers

What are zygomatic bones?

Bones that form the prominence of the cheeks. Signup and view all the answers

What is the humerus?

The uppermost and largest bone in the arm. Signup and view all the answers

What is the ulna?

The inner and larger bone of the forearm. Signup and view all the answers

What are phalanges?

Bones of the fingers or toes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the femur?

A heavy, long bone that forms the leg above the knee. Signup and view all the answers

What bones compose the ankle joint?

Tibia, fibula, and talus. Signup and view all the answers

What are striated muscles?

Skeletal muscles that are voluntarily controlled. Signup and view all the answers

What are nonstriated muscles?

Smooth muscles that are involuntary. Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of a muscle?

The part of the muscle that does not move. Signup and view all the answers

What is the insertion of a muscle?

The part of the muscle that moves. Signup and view all the answers

What is the frontalis muscle?

Muscle of the scalp that raises the eyebrows. Signup and view all the answers

What are the eyebrow muscles?

Orbicularis oculi and corrugator muscles. Signup and view all the answers

How many muscles do you have in your face for expressions?

Over 30 muscles. Signup and view all the answers

What is the trapezius muscle?

Muscle covering the back of the neck and upper back. Signup and view all the answers

What does the pronator muscle do?

Turns the hand inward. Signup and view all the answers

What are abductors?

Muscles that draw a body part away from the midline. Signup and view all the answers

What are adductors?

Muscles that draw a body part inward toward the body's midline. Signup and view all the answers

What is the nervous system?

A system composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Signup and view all the answers

What are nerves?

Fine fibers that supply every inch of the human body. Signup and view all the answers

What is neurology?

The study of the structure and function of the nervous system. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the brain play?

Controls sensation, muscles, activity of glands, and cognitive functions. Signup and view all the answers

What is a reflex?

An automatic reaction to a stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What is the fifth cranial nerve?

Also known as the trifacial nerve or trigeminal nerve. Signup and view all the answers

What does the sural nerve supply?

Supplies impulses to the outer side and back of the foot and leg. Signup and view all the answers

What is the circulatory system?

The system that controls the steady circulation of blood. Signup and view all the answers

What is a normal adult heart rate?

About 60 to 80 times per minute. Signup and view all the answers

What is a ventricle?

A lower, thick-walled chamber of the heart. Signup and view all the answers

What is blood?

A nutritive fluid circulating throughout the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is hemoglobin?

A complex iron protein in red blood cells that binds to oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

What are common carotid arteries?

Main arteries supplying blood to the head and neck. Signup and view all the answers

What is the endocrine system?

A group of glands that affect growth and health. Signup and view all the answers

What are endocrine glands?

Ductless glands that release hormones into the bloodstream. Signup and view all the answers

What are lungs?

Spongy tissue for gas exchange. Signup and view all the answers

What is the integumentary system?

Consists of skin and its accessory organs. Signup and view all the answers

What does integument mean?

A natural covering. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anatomy and Physiology Basics

Anatomy studies human body structures visible to the naked eye and their organization.
Physiology focuses on the functions and activities of body structures.
"Ology" signifies the study of a specific field.

Cellular Structure and Function

Histology or microscopic anatomy examines tiny structures in living tissues.
Cells are the fundamental units of all living organisms, inclusive of bacteria, plants, and animals.
Protoplasm refers to the colorless, jelly-like substance in cells containing various food elements.
Nucleus is the dense protoplasm at the cell's center, essential for reproduction and metabolism.
Cytoplasm is the protoplasm outside the nucleus.

Cell Reproduction and Metabolism

Mitosis is the cell division process creating two identical daughter cells.
Metabolism encompasses chemical processes nourishing cells and enabling activities.
Catabolism breaks down complex compounds into simpler substances.

Tissues and Their Functions

Tissue is a group of similar cells fulfilling a specific function.
Connective tissue connects different body structures, includes various types such as bone, cartilage, and blood vessels.
Adipose tissue (fat) provides body smoothness and contours.

Skeletal System

Comprised of 206 bones, providing the body's physical foundation.
Functions include structural support, organ protection, muscle attachments for movement, blood cell production, and mineral storage (calcium, phosphorus).

Bones of the Skull and Face

Facial skeleton consists of 14 bones.
Cranium comprises 8 bones, which include occipital, parietal (2), frontal, temporal (2), ethmoid, and sphenoid bones.
Zygomatic bones form the cheek's prominence, while lacrimal bones are at the inner eye socket.

Limbs and Muscle Types

Humerus is the uppermost arm bone; ulna is the larger forearm bone.
Phalanges are the bone structures of fingers and toes.
Femur is the long bone above the knee.
Striated muscles (skeletal muscles) are voluntary, aiding posture and movement.
Nonstriated muscles (smooth muscles) function involuntarily.

Muscular Anatomy

Origin refers to the stationary part of a muscle attached to the skeleton; insertion refers to the moving part.
Frontalis muscle raises eyebrows and wrinkles the forehead; eyebrow muscles include orbicularis oculi and corrugator.

Nervous System Overview

The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, coordinating body functions.
Nerves extend throughout the body, transmitting impulses.
Neurology is the study of the nervous system's structure and function.

Cardiovascular and Blood System

The circulatory system distributes blood, known as the cardiovascular system.
A normal heart beats 60 to 80 times per minute, with a potential peak of 100 beats.
Blood supplies oxygen and nutrients while removing waste.
Hemoglobin in red blood cells binds oxygen and imparts blood color.

Endocrine and Respiratory Systems

The endocrine system consists of glands regulating growth, development, and health through hormones.
Lungs carry out gas exchange, exchanging inhaled air for carbon dioxide.

Integumentary System

Comprising the skin and accessory organs, it includes oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair, and nails, serving as a natural covering for the body.

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Test your knowledge of general anatomy and physiology with these flashcards based on Milady's Chapter 6. Learn important terms such as anatomy, physiology, and the meanings of related prefixes and suffixes. Perfect for students in the beauty and wellness field.