Questions and Answers
What does the term 'Upper Extremities' refer to?
Which component does NOT belong to the axial skeleton?
Which type of bone is characterized as being roughly equal in length and width?
What is the role of articular cartilage?
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Which of the following bones does NOT form part of the pectoral girdle?
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Which part of the scapula is characterized by a hook-like projection?
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What muscle is responsible for rotating the arm externally?
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What type of marrow is primarily involved in blood cell production?
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What is the primary function of the Pronator Teres muscle?
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Which part of the clavicle attaches to the sternum?
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Which bone is located on the medial side of the forearm?
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What does the Greater Tuberosity of the humerus accommodate?
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Which muscle is primarily responsible for shoulder abduction?
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Study Notes
Upper Extremities Overview
- Encompasses the pectoral girdle, arms, forearms, wrists, and hands.
Axial Skeleton
- Central part of the skeleton consisting of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.
Appendicular Skeleton
- Includes limbs and girdles, composed of 126 bones: pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs.
Bone Shapes
- Long Bones: Longer than wide (e.g., arms, legs).
- Short Bones: Equal in length and width (e.g., wrist, ankle).
- Flat Bones: Compressed in one dimension (e.g., skull, sternum).
- Irregular Bones: Do not fit into other categories (e.g., vertebrae, pelvis).
Bone Structures
- Epiphysis: Ends of long bones.
- Diaphysis: Central shaft of long bones.
- Articular Cartilage: Smooth tissue at bone ends, reduces joint friction.
- Compact Bone: Dense outer layer.
- Spongy Bone: Inner structure with trabeculae, aligned with stress.
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Marrow: Hollow inner part, containing:
- Red Marrow: Blood cell production.
- Yellow Marrow: Adipose tissue storage.
Pectoral Girdle
- Composed of right and left scapulae and right and left clavicles; supports upper limb attachment.
Scapula (Shoulder Blade)
- Triangular bone in the upper back with borders: superior, medial (vertebral), and lateral (axillary).
- Important parts include:
- Coronoid Process: Hook-like projection.
- Spine: Prominent ridge across the back.
- Acromion: Highest point of the shoulder.
Muscles Attached to the Scapula
- Subscapularis: Internal rotation of the arm.
- Supraspinatus: Arm abduction.
- Infraspinatus: External arm rotation.
- Teres Minor: Aids in external rotation.
- Teres Major: Assists with arm movement.
Clavicle (Collarbone)
- Long bone connecting the scapula to the sternum.
- Key parts include:
- Sternal End: Blunt end attaches to the sternum.
- Acromial End: Flattened end attaches to the scapula.
- Conoid Tubercle: Projection on the clavicle's inferior surface.
Forearm
- Region between elbow and wrist consisting of:
- Radius: Lateral bone (thumb side).
- Ulna: Medial bone (pinky side).
Muscles of the Forearm
- Pronator Teres: Pronates and flexes the forearm.
- Flexor Carpi Radialis: Flexes and abducts the hand.
- Palmaris Longus: Flexes the hand; may be absent in some individuals.
- Flexor Digitorum Superficialis: Flexes fingers at proximal interphalangeal joints.
- Flexor Carpi Ulnaris: Flexes and adducts the hand.
Humerus
- Longest bone in the upper limb, located in the upper arm.
- Key features include:
- Head: Joins with the scapula's glenoid fossa.
- Greater Tuberosity: Prominence for muscle attachment.
- Lesser Tuberosity: Another muscle attachment site.
- Bicipital Groove: Groove for the biceps tendon.
Muscles of the Arm
- Deltoid Muscle: Covers the shoulder; functions in arm flexion, abduction, and extension.
- Trapezius Muscle: Moves, rotates, and stabilizes the scapula.
- Rhomboid Muscles: Assist in scapular retraction.
- Levator Scapulae: Elevates the scapula.
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Description
Explore the anatomy of the upper extremities in this quiz, which covers definitions and explanations of various components like the pectoral girdle, arms, and the skeletal system. Test your knowledge on both the axial and appendicular skeletons, and understand their roles in the human body.
