Podcast
Questions and Answers
What anatomical feature is found at the proximal end of the humerus and is directly below the head?
What anatomical feature is found at the proximal end of the humerus and is directly below the head?
Which bony structure is NOT part of the scapula's basic anatomy?
Which bony structure is NOT part of the scapula's basic anatomy?
Which imaging modality is primarily used for assessing soft tissues in the upper extremities?
Which imaging modality is primarily used for assessing soft tissues in the upper extremities?
Which part of the clavicle articulates with the manubrium of the sternum?
Which part of the clavicle articulates with the manubrium of the sternum?
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How many parts make up the anatomical description of the scapula?
How many parts make up the anatomical description of the scapula?
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Which structure is not part of the humerus anatomy?
Which structure is not part of the humerus anatomy?
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What feature distinguishes a shoulder dislocation as a glenohumeral joint dislocation on an X-ray?
What feature distinguishes a shoulder dislocation as a glenohumeral joint dislocation on an X-ray?
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In the radiographic anatomy of the wrist, which carpal bone is located medial to the scaphoid?
In the radiographic anatomy of the wrist, which carpal bone is located medial to the scaphoid?
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Which type of fracture specifically refers to a break involving the radial head?
Which type of fracture specifically refers to a break involving the radial head?
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What is true regarding the proximal row of carpals in the wrist?
What is true regarding the proximal row of carpals in the wrist?
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Study Notes
Imaging of Upper Extremities, CT, Radiography
- Various imaging modalities are used in upper extremity radiology, based on the clinical context and specific structures being investigated.
- X-rays and CT are often initial tools for assessing bones and joints.
- MRI provides detailed information about soft tissues, ligaments, and joint structures.
- Radiological studies are crucial in diagnosing and managing upper limb conditions.
Basic Radiographic Principles - Recap
- X-rays are produced within the X-ray tube.
- X-ray beams pass through the region of interest (ROI) onto a detector plate.
- Five main X-ray densities exist: air, fat, soft tissue, bone, and metal.
Normal Anatomy of the Shoulder
- The upper end of the humerus is visible with:
- Greater tuberosity
- Lesser tuberosity
- Head
- Surgical neck
- Anatomical neck
- Parts of the scapula that are easily seen:
- Glenoid cavity
- Supraglenoid tubercle
- Infraglenoid tubercle
- Coracoid process
- Acromion process
- Lateral (or axillary) border
- Upper ribs
- Clavicle is also visible.
Clavicle Basic Anatomy
- The clavicle is a long bone with a body and two extremities:
- Acromial extremity which articulates with the acromion process of the scapula
- Sternal extremity articulates with the manubrium of the sternum and the first costal cartilage.
Clavicle Measurements
- Coracoclavicular ligament (3 cm)
- Acromioclavicular ligament (1.5 cm)
Scapula
- The scapula is a flat bone forming the posterior part of the shoulder girdle. It is triangular in shape with two surfaces, three borders, and three angles.
- It sits on the superoposterior thorax, between the second and seventh ribs.
- The medial border runs parallel to the vertebral column.
Humerus
- The proximal end of the humerus consists of:
- Head
- Anatomic neck
- Two tubercles: greater and lesser
- Surgical neck
- The head is large, smooth, and rounded, lying in an oblique plane on the superomedial side of the humerus.
- The anatomic neck is below the head and narrow.
- The surgical neck is the constriction of the body just below the tubercles (site of fractures).
Elbow X-ray
- Structures visible on elbow X-rays include:
- Humerus (lateral and medial epicondyles, coronoid process, capitulum, trochlea, supracondylar ridge)
- Radius (radial head, radial neck, radial tuberosity)
- Ulna (olecranon, olecranon fossa, trochlear notch)
- Anterior fat pad, coronoid process
Elbow CT
- Structures visible on elbow CT images include:
- Distal humerus
- Lateral epicondyle
- Medial epicondyle
- Olecranon fossa
- Olecranon process
- Various other anatomical parts
Radius and Ulna
- The radius and ulna are long bones in the forearm.
- Proximal end is at the elbow, distal end is at the wrist joints.
- The radius and ulna bones articulate at the wrist.
Wrist X-ray
- Structures visible on wrist X-rays include:
- Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
- Trapezium and trapezoid, capitate, hamate.
- Metacarpals, radial and ulna styloid processes
- Several other structures.
Wrist CT
- Structures visible on wrist CT images include (among others):
- Extensor tendons, scaphoid, capitate, hamale, trapezoid, trapezium
- Triquetrum, pisiform, and other anatomical structures.
Hand X-ray
- Structures visible on hand X-rays include:
- Radius and ulna
- Carpals (scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezoid, trapezium, capitate, hamate)
- Metacarpals
- Phalanges (proximal, middle, distal)
- Sesamoid bones
Fracture Basics - Recap
- Types of fractures include:
- Transverse
- Linear
- Oblique (nondisplaced or displaced)
- Spiral
- Greenstick
- Comminuted
Shoulder Dislocation
- Glenohumeral joint dislocation involves the separation of the humerus from the glenoid of the scapula.
- An X-ray will show a gap between the humeral head and glenoid fossa.
Clavicle Fracture, Elbow Dislocations, Various Fractures
- These are conditions characterized by a break in the clavicle, dislocation of the elbow joint, or a fracture in different parts of the upper limb.
- X-rays or CT scans can diagnose these conditions.
Radial Head Dislocation, Intra-articular Radial Head Fracture, Radial Neck Fracture, Distal Radius Fracture, Ulna Fracture
- These are specific types of fractures or dislocations.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the imaging modalities used in upper extremity radiology, including CT, X-rays, and MRI. This quiz covers basic radiographic principles and the normal anatomy of the shoulder. Enhance your understanding of how these techniques aid in diagnosing upper limb conditions.
