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Questions and Answers
Which organ is located in the thoracic cavity?
Which organ is located in the thoracic cavity?
What is the function of the serous membranes lining the chambers within the thoracic cavity?
What is the function of the serous membranes lining the chambers within the thoracic cavity?
Which structures are contained within the mediastinum?
Which structures are contained within the mediastinum?
What is one key reason why the right bronchus is a common location for a foreign body to be lodged in children?
What is one key reason why the right bronchus is a common location for a foreign body to be lodged in children?
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What is the role of cartilaginous rings embedded in the wall of the trachea?
What is the role of cartilaginous rings embedded in the wall of the trachea?
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How does the pharynx contribute to both the respiratory and digestive systems?
How does the pharynx contribute to both the respiratory and digestive systems?
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If a patient requires intubation, where should the tip of the endotracheal tube ideally be positioned?
If a patient requires intubation, where should the tip of the endotracheal tube ideally be positioned?
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A patient has a tumor affecting the thymus gland. Which of the following systems is most likely to be directly affected by this condition?
A patient has a tumor affecting the thymus gland. Which of the following systems is most likely to be directly affected by this condition?
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Which of the following accurately describes the anatomical relationship between the trachea and esophagus in the neck?
Which of the following accurately describes the anatomical relationship between the trachea and esophagus in the neck?
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How does the position of the trachea change as it descends from the neck into the thorax?
How does the position of the trachea change as it descends from the neck into the thorax?
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What is the carina, and where is it located?
What is the carina, and where is it located?
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Due to its anatomical characteristics, a foreign object is more likely to enter which primary bronchus?
Due to its anatomical characteristics, a foreign object is more likely to enter which primary bronchus?
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Arrange the following components of the bronchial tree in order from superior to inferior:
Arrange the following components of the bronchial tree in order from superior to inferior:
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In what structures does gas exchange primarily occur in the lungs?
In what structures does gas exchange primarily occur in the lungs?
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What is the relationship between alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli?
What is the relationship between alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli?
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Why is the right lung shorter than the left lung?
Why is the right lung shorter than the left lung?
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What is the primary function of the visceral layer within the context of the thoracic cavity?
What is the primary function of the visceral layer within the context of the thoracic cavity?
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How does body habitus influence the visualization of internal organs in thoracic imaging?
How does body habitus influence the visualization of internal organs in thoracic imaging?
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Why is it important to avoid clipping the costophrenic angles in chest imaging, especially when looking for fluid?
Why is it important to avoid clipping the costophrenic angles in chest imaging, especially when looking for fluid?
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What is the anatomical structure that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
What is the anatomical structure that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
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What anatomical structure marks the anterior boundary of the nasopharynx?
What anatomical structure marks the anterior boundary of the nasopharynx?
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Which structure prevents food from entering the larynx during swallowing?
Which structure prevents food from entering the larynx during swallowing?
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When performing a chest X-ray on a patient who cannot stand, which position is generally preferred, and what percentage of fluid detection capability is associated with it?
When performing a chest X-ray on a patient who cannot stand, which position is generally preferred, and what percentage of fluid detection capability is associated with it?
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Between which two vertebrae does the larynx typically extend?
Between which two vertebrae does the larynx typically extend?
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Why is standing the first position for chest imaging when evaluating a patient for air and fluid levels?
Why is standing the first position for chest imaging when evaluating a patient for air and fluid levels?
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The base of the tongue forms the anterior wall of which section of the pharynx?
The base of the tongue forms the anterior wall of which section of the pharynx?
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What is the significance of the thoracic aperture, and how does it relate to structures passing between the thorax and abdomen?
What is the significance of the thoracic aperture, and how does it relate to structures passing between the thorax and abdomen?
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When using a rectangular cassette for chest imaging, how should its orientation (crosswise or lengthwise) be determined, and what is the guiding factor?
When using a rectangular cassette for chest imaging, how should its orientation (crosswise or lengthwise) be determined, and what is the guiding factor?
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What is the other term used to describe the laryngeal prominence?
What is the other term used to describe the laryngeal prominence?
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The anterior wall of the laryngeal pharynx is formed by what structure?
The anterior wall of the laryngeal pharynx is formed by what structure?
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Why is a longer SID (Source-to-Image Distance) typically used for lateral soft tissue neck radiographs?
Why is a longer SID (Source-to-Image Distance) typically used for lateral soft tissue neck radiographs?
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For optimal imaging of soft tissue in the larynx, why is a lower kVp setting preferred?
For optimal imaging of soft tissue in the larynx, why is a lower kVp setting preferred?
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Where does the inferior portion of the laryngeal pharynx connect?
Where does the inferior portion of the laryngeal pharynx connect?
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During a lateral soft tissue neck radiograph, what action should the patient take with their shoulders, and why?
During a lateral soft tissue neck radiograph, what action should the patient take with their shoulders, and why?
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What is the correct respiration phase during the exposure for a lateral soft tissue neck radiograph, and why?
What is the correct respiration phase during the exposure for a lateral soft tissue neck radiograph, and why?
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Where should the central ray (CR) be directed for a lateral soft tissue neck radiograph to visualize the upper airway?
Where should the central ray (CR) be directed for a lateral soft tissue neck radiograph to visualize the upper airway?
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What positioning adjustments ensure there is no rotation evident on a PA radiograph of the cervical spine?
What positioning adjustments ensure there is no rotation evident on a PA radiograph of the cervical spine?
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Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between the visceral and parietal pleura?
Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between the visceral and parietal pleura?
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The pleural cavity contains serous fluid, what is its primary function?
The pleural cavity contains serous fluid, what is its primary function?
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A patient is diagnosed with a pleural effusion. How would this condition likely affect radiographic imaging of the chest?
A patient is diagnosed with a pleural effusion. How would this condition likely affect radiographic imaging of the chest?
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What distinguishes the right lung from the left lung in terms of lobar anatomy?
What distinguishes the right lung from the left lung in terms of lobar anatomy?
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Which fissure is responsible for separating the superior and inferior lobes in both the right and left lungs?
Which fissure is responsible for separating the superior and inferior lobes in both the right and left lungs?
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The horizontal fissure is unique to which lung?
The horizontal fissure is unique to which lung?
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What anatomical feature is present in the left lung that is considered equivalent to the right middle lobe?
What anatomical feature is present in the left lung that is considered equivalent to the right middle lobe?
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A patient has a condition affecting the mediastinum. Which anatomical feature, located at the bottom of the mediastinum, conforms to the shape of the heart?
A patient has a condition affecting the mediastinum. Which anatomical feature, located at the bottom of the mediastinum, conforms to the shape of the heart?
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Flashcards
Visceral layer
Visceral layer
The tissue layer that covers internal organs like lungs and heart.
Parietal layer
Parietal layer
The tissue layer that is away from the internal organs.
Thoracic cavity
Thoracic cavity
The body cavity enclosed by the thorax, containing the lungs and heart.
Diaphragm
Diaphragm
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Costophrenic angles
Costophrenic angles
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Body habitus
Body habitus
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Apex of the lungs
Apex of the lungs
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Inferior thoracic aperture
Inferior thoracic aperture
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Pleural Cavities
Pleural Cavities
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Mediastinum
Mediastinum
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Esophagus
Esophagus
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Trachea
Trachea
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Bronchi
Bronchi
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Pharynx
Pharynx
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Thymus Gland
Thymus Gland
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Bifurcation of trachea
Bifurcation of trachea
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Right primary bronchus
Right primary bronchus
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Bronchial tree subdivisions
Bronchial tree subdivisions
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Terminal bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
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Alveoli
Alveoli
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Lungs
Lungs
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Carina
Carina
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Pleura
Pleura
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Visceral Pleura
Visceral Pleura
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Parietal Pleura
Parietal Pleura
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Pleural Cavity
Pleural Cavity
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Pleural Effusion
Pleural Effusion
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Lung Lobes
Lung Lobes
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Oblique Fissure
Oblique Fissure
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Lingula
Lingula
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Lateral Soft Tissue Neck
Lateral Soft Tissue Neck
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SID (Source to Image Distance)
SID (Source to Image Distance)
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Part Positioning
Part Positioning
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Respiration for Exposure
Respiration for Exposure
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CR (Central Ray) Positioning
CR (Central Ray) Positioning
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Nasopharynx
Nasopharynx
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Epiglottis
Epiglottis
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Thyroid cartilage
Thyroid cartilage
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Oropharynx
Oropharynx
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Laryngeal pharynx
Laryngeal pharynx
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Laryngeal cavity compartments
Laryngeal cavity compartments
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Vocal cords
Vocal cords
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Study Notes
Thoracic Viscera (Anatomy)
- Two tissue layers cover cavities: visceral (closer to the organ) and parietal (further from the organ).
- Body habitus (body type) influences the size, shape, position, and movement of internal organs.
- Thoracic cavity is bordered by the walls of the thorax.
- It extends from the superior thoracic aperture to the inferior thoracic aperture.
- The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.
- Structures passing from the thorax to abdomen pass through diaphragm openings.
Thoracic Cavity
- Contains lungs, heart, respiratory, cardiovascular, and lymphatic systems.
- Includes the inferior portion of the esophagus and thymus gland.
- Has three chambers (cavities): pericardial (surrounding heart), right and left pleural cavities.
- Mediastinum separates pleural cavities and contains all thoracic structures, except lungs and pleurae (trachea, esophagus, heart, thymus).
Respiratory System
- Consists of the pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and two lungs.
- Air passages connect to the exterior via the pharynx, mouth, and nose.
- An ET tube should be inserted through the trachea 5 cm above the carina.
Trachea
- Fibrous, muscular tube with C-shaped cartilaginous rings for rigidity.
- Approximately 1.3 cm in diameter and 11 cm long.
- Posterior aspect of trachea is flat, rings are incomplete posteriorly, and extend around the anterior 2/3 of the tube.
- Located in the midline of the body, anterior to the esophagus in the neck.
- In the thorax, the trachea shifts to the right side due to the arching of the aorta.
- Carina is a hooklike process on the last cartilage.
Trachea (continued)
- Bifurcates into two main (or primary) bronchi: right and left.
- Right primary bronchus is shorter, wider, and more vertical than the left.
- This positioning makes foreign bodies more likely to enter the right bronchus.
Alveoli
- Terminal bronchioles connect with alveolar ducts.
- Each duct ends in several alveolar sacs.
- Alveolar sacs are lined with alveoli within the walls of each lung.
- Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange via diffusion within alveolar walls
Lungs
- Organs responsible for respiration.
- Introduce oxygen into blood and remove carbon dioxide.
- Composed of a light, spongy, highly elastic substance called parenchyma.
- Covered by a layer of serous membrane.
- Reaches above the clavicles (apex).
- Inferior portion is the base.
- Rests obliquely on the diaphragm and is lower in the back and sides than in front.
Lungs (continued)
- Right lung is approximately 1 inch (2.5 cm) shorter than the left lung due to the liver's position.
- Right lung is broader due to the heart's position.
- Inferior surface of lungs are concave and fit over the diaphragm.
- During inspiration, lungs move inferiorly.
- During expiration, lungs move superiorly.
- Costophrenic angles are deep recesses of parietal pleura where lateral lung margins descend into the thorax.
- Hilum is a depression within mediastinal surface holding bronchi, pulmonary blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves.
Lungs (continued)
- Divided into lobes by oblique and horizontal fissures.
- Right lung has 3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior).
- Left lung has 2 lobes (superior, inferior) plus lingula.
- Primary lobules are the anatomic units of lung structure.
Mediastinum
- Area in thorax, between lungs, bordered by sternum anteriorly, spine posteriorly, and lungs laterally.
- Structures enclosed include the heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus, lymphatics, nerves, and fat.
- Esophagus, part of the digestive system, connects the pharynx with the stomach and descends through the posterior mediastinum.
- Thymus gland is a primary lymphatic control organ in the lower neck and superior mediastinum. Size maximum at puberty and then atrophies to nearly disappear.
Neck
- Divided into posterior and anterior portions.
- Anterior portion contains the thyroid and parathyroid glands.
- Thyroid is the largest part of the submandibular gland.
- Size maximum at puberty and then atrophies to nearly disappear.
Thyroid Gland
- Composed of two lateral lobes connected at their lower thirds by an isthmus.
- Located in front of the upper trachea, and the lobes are lateral to it.
- Extends from the lower third of thyroid cartilage to the level of T1 (above the sternum)
- Often suprasternal in position but may extend into the superior thoracic aperture.
- Parathyroid glands are small, ovoid bodies, 2 on each side (superior and inferior) situated on the posterior aspect of adjacent thyroid lobes.
Pharynx
- Passage for air and food shared between the respiratory and digestive systems.
- A musculomembranous tube in front of the vertebrae and behind the nose, mouth, and larynx.
- Approximately 5 inches long.
- Extends from the undersurface of the sphenoid bone inferiorly to the disc between C6 and C7.
- Subdivided into nasal, oral, and laryngeal portions.
- Nasopharynx lies above the soft and hard palates and connects to the nasal apertures.
Larynx
- Organ of voice and part of the respiratory system.
- An air passage between the pharynx and the trachea.
- A movable, tubular structure, wider above than below, approximately 1.5 inches long.
- Situated below the tongue root and in front of the laryngopharynx.
- Supported by the hyoid bone extending from the superior margin of C4 to its junction with the trachea (inferior margin of C6).
- Epiglottis: thin, leaf-shaped structure preventing leakage into the larynx during swallowing.
- Thyroid cartilage forms the laryngeal prominence (Adam's apple).
Pharynx (continued)
- Oropharynx extends from the soft palate to the hyoid bone, and the base of the tongue forms its anterior wall.
- Laryngopharynx is posterior to the larynx, with an anterior wall formed by the larynx's posterior surface, extending inferiorly and connecting to the esophagus.
Larynx (continued)
- Laryngeal cavity divided into three compartments by two pairs of mucosal folds extending laterally.
- Superior pairs are the vestibular folds (false vocal cords) with the intervening space called the laryngeal vestibule.
- Lower pairs are the vocal folds (true vocal cords) separated by the rima glottidis.
Soft Tissue Neck Radiography
- Demonstrates foreign bodies, swelling (especially epiglottitis), masses (intrinsic/extrinsic to airway), fractures of larynx and hyoid bone.
- Patients may be positioned either upright or recumbent.
- Radiographs typically focus on the upper airway (superior oropharynx to proximal trachea).
Essential Projections for Soft Tissue Neck
- AP (anteroposterior)
- Lateral
AP Soft Tissue Neck (details)
- IR + grid: 10 x 12 inches (24 x 30 cm) lengthwise.
- Patient position can be supine or upright based on conditions.
- MSP (mid sagittal plane) centered on grid, with patients' shoulders in the same transverse plane.
- IR centered at the level of the larynx(laryngeal prominence/manubrium)
- Respiration: exposure during slow inspiration.
AP Soft Tissue Neck (continued)
- Collimation: 12" (30 cm) lengthwise and 1" (2.5 cm) beyond skin line on sides.
- Evaluation criteria: proper collimation, side marker, air-filled upper airway (pharynx to proximal trachea), air-filled airway (midcervical to midthoracic region), no rotation.
- Bony trabecular detail and soft tissues are also evaluated.
Lateral Soft Tissue Neck (details)
- IR + grid: 10 x 12 inches (24 x 30 cm).
- Patient position: seated/standing, with weight evenly distributed.
- Part position: Pt clasps hands behind back and rotates shoulders.
- Centre airway to mid-IR.
- Centre IR at laryngeal prominence/manubrium.
Lateral Soft Tissue Neck (continued)
- Collimation: 12" lengthwise and 1" beyond skin line on sides.
- CR: Horizontal & perpendicular to MCP (mid-clavicular plane) through laryngeal prominence / through jugular notch and MCP.
- Evaluation criteria: proper collimation, side marker, air-filled upper airway (pharynx through proximal trachea) air-filled airway(midcervical region to midthoracic), no tilting or rotation of cervical spine, superimposed zygapophyseal joints/ open intervertebral joints, superimposed rami (mandibular), and bony trabecular detail/soft tissues.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the organs and structures within the thoracic cavity. This quiz covers the functions of serous membranes, the mediastinum, and the relationship between the trachea and esophagus. Answer questions about key anatomical features and their roles in respiratory and digestive systems.
