56 Questions
Which muscle is responsible for increasing thoracic volume during inspiration?
Diaphragm
What is the function of the sternum?
Providing attachment points for the ribs
Which of the following ribs are not attached to the sternum?
Floating ribs
What is the purpose of the pleural space?
To allow the lungs to expand and move freely
What is the thoracic cavity divided into?
Three compartments: mediastinum, right and left pleural cavities
Which nerve innervates the diaphragm?
Phrenic nerve (C3-C5)
What is the primary function of the ribcage?
To protect the thoracic organs
What is the name of the muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
Diaphragm
What is the function of the visceral pleura?
To reduce friction between the lungs and thoracic cavity
Which part of the sternum is the uppermost part?
Manubrium
What is the region between the lungs called?
Mediastinum
What is the purpose of the thoracic cavity?
To house the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels
What is the function of the parietal pleura?
To attach to the thoracic cavity
Which of the following is NOT a function of the thoracic cavity?
Pumps blood throughout the body
What is the name of the bone that provides attachment points for the ribs and costal cartilages?
Sternum
Which of the following is a component of the ribcage?
All of the above
What is the primary innervation of the diaphragm?
Phrenic nerve (C3-C5)
During inspiration, the thoracic cavity increases in volume due to the movement of which part of the thoracic wall?
Diaphragmatic contraction
Damage to which nerve may result in diaphragmatic paralysis?
Phrenic nerve
Which of the following is NOT a function of the diaphragm during respiration?
Increases intrathoracic pressure
Which of the following muscles is involved in forced expiration?
Internal intercostal muscle
What is the significance of the neurovascular plane between the internal and innermost intercostal muscles?
It is a safe area for needle insertion during thoracocentesis
What is the origin of the posterior intercostal arteries?
Thoracic aorta
What is the typical position assumed by a patient with dyspnoea to find relief?
Sitting up with their upper limbs on a table in front of them
What is the primary function of the mammary glands?
To produce milk for nutrition of the neonate
What is the function of the collateral branches in the intercostal arteries?
To connect adjacent intercostal arteries
What is the anatomical feature that replaces the internal intercostal muscle posteriorly?
A membrane
In which sex is the mammary gland well developed and in which sex is it rudimentary?
Well developed in females, rudimentary in males
What determines the shape and size of the breast?
Genetic, racial, and dietary factors, as well as age, parity, and menopausal status
What is the clinical significance of the costotransverse ligament?
It attaches the rib to the transverse process of the vertebra
What is the name of the position in which a patient sits upright and leans forward, with their arms resting on a table or other surface?
Tripod position
What is the primary function of the posterior intercostal veins?
They drain into the azygos venous system
Which of the following is a common site of distant metastasis?
Lungs and pleura
What is the innervation of the 2nd to 6th intercostal nerves?
They supply the skin of the breast
What is the significance of the internal vertebral venous plexus?
It allows for the movement of tumor as far rostrally as the skull base
What is the significance of the azygos venous system?
It is a valveless system of interconnected veins
What is the vertebral level of the oesophagus opening in the diaphragm?
T10
Which of the following is an origin of the diaphragm?
Xiphoid process
What is the name of the ligament that attaches to the right crus of the diaphragm?
Medial arcuate ligament
At which vertebral level does the inferior vena cava pass through the diaphragm?
T8
What is the name of the atlas that was referenced in the course?
Netter’s Atlas of Human Anatomy
Which of the following nerves is responsible for innervating the diaphragm, and is formed from the cervical spine levels C3, 4, and 5?
Phrenic nerve
What is the result of unilateral paralysis of the diaphragm due to a nerve or muscle problem?
Paradoxical breathing
Which of the following openings in the diaphragm transmits the right phrenic nerve?
Vena caval opening
Which of the following arteries is a major blood supply to the diaphragm?
Thoracic aorta
What is the name of the condition where the diaphragm is elevated on one side, often due to a congenital defect?
Diaphragmatic eventration
What is the primary innervation of the diaphragm?
Phrenic nerve
Which nerve is responsible for diaphragmatic paralysis if damaged?
Phrenic nerve
What is the anatomical feature that replaces the internal intercostal muscle posteriorly?
Levatores costarum
What determines the shape and size of the breast?
Age and sex
What is the purpose of the thoracic cavity?
To protect the heart and lungs
During inspiration, the thoracic cavity increases in volume due to the movement of which part of the thoracic wall?
Ribcage
What is the function of the diaphragm during respiration?
To increase thoracic volume during inspiration
Which muscle is responsible for increasing thoracic volume during inspiration?
Diaphragm
What is the origin of the posterior intercostal arteries?
Aorta
Which of the following is NOT a function of the diaphragm during respiration?
Regulating heart rate
Study Notes
Diaphragm
- A dome-shaped muscle that separates the thorax from the abdomen
- Attached to the xiphoid process, costal cartilages, and lumbar vertebrae
- Primary muscle of inspiration, contracts and flattens to increase thoracic volume
- Innervated by the phrenic nerve (C3-C5)
Ribcage
- Comprised of 12 pairs of ribs, sternum, and costal cartilages
- Ribs 1-7 are true ribs, directly attached to the sternum
- Ribs 8-12 are false ribs, attached to the 7th rib via costal cartilages
- Ribs 11-12 are floating ribs, not attached to the sternum
- Provides protection for the heart, lungs, and other thoracic organs
Sternum
- A long, flat bone in the center of the thorax
- Consists of three parts: manubrium, body, and xiphoid process
- Serves as the anterior attachment point for the ribs
Pleura
- A double-layered membrane surrounding the lungs
- Visceral pleura: inner layer, adherent to the lung surface
- Parietal pleura: outer layer, lines the thoracic cavity
- Pleural space: a potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura
- Contains a small amount of fluid, allowing the lungs to expand and move freely
Thoracic Cavity
- A compartment within the thorax containing the lungs, heart, and major blood vessels
- Bound by the thoracic vertebrae, ribs, costal cartilages, and sternum
- Divided into three compartments: mediastinum, right and left pleural cavities
- Houses essential organs for respiration, circulation, and other vital functions
Learn about the diaphragm, ribcage, sternum, pleura, and thoracic cavity, and understand their roles in respiration and circulation. Get familiar with the anatomy of the thorax and its components. Test your knowledge and improve your understanding of the human body.
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