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Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of knowing the anatomical basis of the scalp?
What is the purpose of knowing the anatomical basis of the scalp?
Which layer of the scalp contains sweat, sebaceous gland, and hair follicles?
Which layer of the scalp contains sweat, sebaceous gland, and hair follicles?
What is the function of the collagen fibers in the connective tissue of the scalp?
What is the function of the collagen fibers in the connective tissue of the scalp?
What is the purpose of the loose areolar tissue in the scalp?
What is the purpose of the loose areolar tissue in the scalp?
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Which muscle has no bony attachment in the scalp?
Which muscle has no bony attachment in the scalp?
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Which nerve supplies the occipitofrontalis muscle in the scalp?
Which nerve supplies the occipitofrontalis muscle in the scalp?
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What is the action of the occipitofrontalis muscle in the scalp?
What is the action of the occipitofrontalis muscle in the scalp?
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How many auricular muscles are there in the scalp?
How many auricular muscles are there in the scalp?
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Which nerve supplies the upper part of the auricle, external acoustic meatus, and the skin of the side of the head?
Which nerve supplies the upper part of the auricle, external acoustic meatus, and the skin of the side of the head?
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Which nerve arises from the frontal nerve of ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve?
Which nerve arises from the frontal nerve of ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve?
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Which nerve supplies the skin of the anterior part of the temple?
Which nerve supplies the skin of the anterior part of the temple?
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Which nerve arises from C2 dorsal rami and supplies the scalp?
Which nerve arises from C2 dorsal rami and supplies the scalp?
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Which nerve supplies the nape of the neck?
Which nerve supplies the nape of the neck?
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Which nerve supplies the scalp behind and above the ear?
Which nerve supplies the scalp behind and above the ear?
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Which nerve arises from C2 and C3 ventral rami and supplies the skin of the postero-inferior part of the jaw and lower part of the auricle?
Which nerve arises from C2 and C3 ventral rami and supplies the skin of the postero-inferior part of the jaw and lower part of the auricle?
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Which nerve emerges from the upper end of parotid gland close to the auricle at the root of zygomatic arch?
Which nerve emerges from the upper end of parotid gland close to the auricle at the root of zygomatic arch?
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Which artery arises deep to the parotid gland and divides into anterior and posterior branches to the frontal and parietal eminences?
Which artery arises deep to the parotid gland and divides into anterior and posterior branches to the frontal and parietal eminences?
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Which nerve accompanies the posterior auricular artery?
Which nerve accompanies the posterior auricular artery?
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Which artery passes upward and backward through the occipital groove of the mastoid bone?
Which artery passes upward and backward through the occipital groove of the mastoid bone?
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Which vein unites with the posterior branch of the retromandibular vein to form the external jugular vein?
Which vein unites with the posterior branch of the retromandibular vein to form the external jugular vein?
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Which artery emerges from the supraorbital notch with the supraorbital vein?
Which artery emerges from the supraorbital notch with the supraorbital vein?
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Which vein drains to the suboccipital plexus of veins in the suboccipital triangle?
Which vein drains to the suboccipital plexus of veins in the suboccipital triangle?
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Which nerve accompanies the occipital artery in the scalp?
Which nerve accompanies the occipital artery in the scalp?
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Which two veins unite at the medial angle of the eye to form the facial vein?
Which two veins unite at the medial angle of the eye to form the facial vein?
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What is the primary function of the emissary veins in the skull?
What is the primary function of the emissary veins in the skull?
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Which lymph nodes drain the area behind the ear?
Which lymph nodes drain the area behind the ear?
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How many bones form the face?
How many bones form the face?
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Which nerve provides motor innervation to the face?
Which nerve provides motor innervation to the face?
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What is the main muscle of the scalp?
What is the main muscle of the scalp?
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What is the blood supply of the scalp?
What is the blood supply of the scalp?
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Study Notes
Scalp Anatomy
- The scalp consists of five layers: skin, connective tissue, epicranial aponeurosis, loose areolar tissue, and periosteum.
- The skin layer is thick and contains sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles.
- The connective tissue layer contains dense collagen fibers with blood vessels and nerves.
Muscles of the Scalp
- The main muscle of the scalp is the occipitofrontalis muscle, which consists of two pairs of bellies (occipital and frontal).
- The occipital bellies are shorter and narrower than the frontal bellies and are widely separated by the aponeurosis.
- The frontal bellies arise from the aponeurosis and are inserted into the skin of the eyebrows and nose, with no bony attachment.
Nerve Supply of the Scalp
- The nerve supply of the scalp is provided by branches of the trigeminal nerve and the upper three cervical nerves.
- Anterior to the pinna of the ear, the scalp is supplied by branches of the trigeminal nerve, including:
- Supraorbital nerve, which arises from the frontal nerve of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve.
- Supratrochlear nerve, which arises from the frontal nerve and emerges at the supra-orbital margin.
- Zygomaticotemporal nerve, which supplies the skin of the anterior part of the temple.
- Auriculotemporal nerve, which emerges from the upper end of the parotid gland close to the auricle at the root of the zygomatic arch.
- Posterior to the pinna of the ear, the scalp is supplied by the upper three cervical nerves, including:
- Greater occipital nerve, which arises from C2 dorsal rami and enters the scalp with the occipital artery.
- Third occipital nerve, which arises from C3 dorsal rami and supplies the nape of the neck.
- Lesser occipital nerve, which arises from C2 ventral rami and sometimes C3, and supplies the scalp behind and above the ear.
Blood Supply of the Scalp
- The scalp is richly supplied by blood from the external and internal carotid arteries.
- Branches of the external carotid artery include:
- Superficial temporal artery, which begins behind the neck of the mandible deep to the parotid gland.
- Posterior auricular artery, which arises deep to the parotid gland and curves postero-superiorly below and behind the root of the auricle.
- Occipital artery, which arises deep to the angle of the mandible and passes upward backward through the occipital groove of the mastoid bone.
- Branches of the internal carotid artery include:
- Supraorbital artery, which arises from the ophthalmic artery of the internal carotid artery.
- Supratrochlear artery, which passes through the upper medial angle of the orbit accompanied by the supratrochlear nerve.
Veins of the Scalp
- Supratrochlear and supraorbital veins unite at the medial angle of the eye to form the facial vein.
- Retromandibular vein forms by the union of superficial temporal vein and maxillary vein.
- Posterior auricular vein unites with the posterior branch of retromandibular vein to form the external jugular vein on the surface of sternocleidomastoid muscle.
- Occipital vein runs with the occipital artery in the scalp and drains to the suboccipital plexus of veins in the suboccipital triangle.
- Emissary veins pierce the skull and connect this system of veins with the venous sinuses inside the skull.
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Description
Learn about the normal anatomy of the scalp, including its structure, blood supply, and nerve supply. Understand the importance of anatomical knowledge in solving clinical problems.
