Anatomy of the Scalp
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Questions and Answers

What is the main muscle of the scalp?

  • Orbicularis oculi muscle
  • Occipitofrontalis muscle (correct)
  • Buccinator muscle
  • Frontalis muscle

    • Which nerve supplies the motor innervations to the face?

  • Trigeminal nerve
  • Facial nerve (correct)
  • Vagus nerve
  • Glossopharyngeal nerve

    • How many bones form the face?

  • 12 bones
  • 10 bones
  • 14 bones (correct)
  • 16 bones

    • What is the nerve supply to the scalp?

    <p>Branches of trigeminal nerve and upper three cervical nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the emissary veins?

    <p>To connect the venous sinuses inside the skull with the scalp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outermost layer of the scalp?

    <p>Skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many layers does the scalp consist of?

    <p>5 layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the connective tissue layer of the scalp contain?

    <p>Dense collagen fibers, blood vessels, and nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the collagen fibers in the connective tissue layer?

    <p>To prevent blood vessels from contracting during injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the epicranial aponeurosis?

    <p>To connect the frontal and occipital bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the loose areolar tissue layer?

    <p>To allow the scalp to slide freely on the periosteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the periosteum?

    <p>The outer surface of the skull</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the action of the occipitofrontalis muscle?

    <p>Rises the eyebrow and wrinkles the forehead</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nerve supplies the auricular muscles?

    <p>Facial nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the superficial temporal artery?

    <p>External carotid artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the course of the posterior auricular artery?

    <p>It curves postero-superiorly below and behind the root of the auricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What accompanies the occipital artery in the scalp?

    <p>The greater occipital nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distribution of the supraorbital artery?

    <p>It is distributed with the supraorbital nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms the facial vein?

    <p>The union of the supratrochlear and supraorbital veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the retromandibular vein?

    <p>The union of the superficial temporal and maxillary veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve arises from the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve and supplies the upper eyelid?

    <p>Supraorbital nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the occipital vein drain to?

    <p>The suboccipital plexus of veins in the suboccipital triangle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the course of the occipital artery?

    <p>It passes upward and backward through the occipital groove of the mastoid bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve supplies the skin of the anterior part of the temple?

    <p>Zygomaticotemporal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve emerges from the upper end of the parotid gland and supplies the upper part of the auricle?

    <p>Auriculotemporal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve arises from C2 ventral rami and supplies the scalp behind and above the ear?

    <p>Lesser occipital nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve supplies the nape of the neck?

    <p>Third occipital nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve pierces the trapezius and the deep fascia 2.5 cm from the external occipital protuberance?

    <p>Greater occipital nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve supplies the scalp behind and above the ear?

    <p>Lesser occipital nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve arises from C2 and C3 ventral rami and supplies the skin of the postero-inferior part of the jaw?

    <p>Great auricular nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Scalp Anatomy

    • The scalp consists of five layers: skin, connective tissue, epicranial aponeurosis, loose areolar tissue, and periosteum.
    • The skin layer is thick and contains sweat, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles.
    • The connective tissue layer is dense with collagen fibers and contains blood vessels and nerves.
    • The epicranial aponeurosis is a flat membrane that connects the frontal and occipital bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle.
    • The loose areolar tissue is an avascular layer that allows the scalp to slide freely on the periosteum.
    • The periosteum is the outermost layer, covering the outer surface of the skull and continuous through the sutures with the endosteal layer inside the cranium.

    Muscles of the Scalp

    • The main muscle of the scalp is the occipitofrontalis muscle, consisting of two pairs of bellies (occipital and frontal).
    • The occipital bellies are shorter and narrower than the frontal bellies and are widely separated by the aponeurosis.
    • The frontal bellies arise from the aponeurosis and insert into the skin of the eyebrows and nose, with no bony attachment.
    • The auricular muscles consist of three muscles (superior, anterior, and posterior) supplied by the facial nerve.

    Nerve Supply of the Scalp

    • The scalp is supplied by the branches of the trigeminal nerve and the upper three cervical nerves.
    • The branches of the trigeminal nerve include:
      • Ophthalmic division: Supraorbital nerve and Supratrochlear nerve
      • Maxillary division: Zygomaticotemporal nerve
      • Mandibular division: Auriculotemporal nerve
    • The upper three cervical nerves (C2, C3) supply the scalp posterior to the pinna of the ear.

    Blood Supply of the Scalp

    • The scalp is richly supplied by blood from the external and internal carotid arteries.
    • Branches of the external carotid artery include:
      • Superficial temporal artery
      • Posterior auricular artery
      • Occipital artery
    • Branches of the internal carotid artery include:
      • Supraorbital artery
      • Supratrochlear artery

    Venous Drainage of the Scalp

    • The venous drainage of the scalp is through several veins, including:
      • Supratrochlear and Supraorbital veins unite at the medial angle of the eye to form the facial vein.
      • Retromandibular vein forms by the union of superficial temporal vein and maxillary vein.
      • Posterior auricular vein unites with the posterior branch of the retromandibular vein to form the external jugular vein.
      • Occipital vein runs with the occipital artery in the scalp, draining to the suboccipital plexus of veins in the suboccipital triangle.
      • Emissary veins pierce the skull and connect this system of veins with the venous sinuses inside the skull.

    Lymphatic Drainage of the Scalp

    • The area in front of the ear drains into small parotid lymph nodes.
    • The area behind the ear drains into nodes on the upper end of trapezius (occipital lymph nodes) and sternocleidomastoid muscles (retro-auricular nodes).

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    Description

    This quiz covers the normal anatomy of the scalp, its structure, blood supply, nerve supply, and importance in surgical practices.

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