18 Questions
What are the main components of the thoracic limb in quadrupeds like dogs?
Clavicle and scapula
Which bone represents the arm, or brachium, in the thoracic limb?
Humerus
What bones make up the forearm, or antebrachium, in the thoracic limb?
Ulna and metacarpals
Which bones are included in the manus of the thoracic limb?
Metacarpals
The digits in the forepaw consist of which bones?
Phalanges
In canine anatomy, what is the function of the clavicular remnant?
Positions within the cleidobrachialis muscle cranial to the shoulder joint
What are the joints of the pes (feet) colloquially referred to as?
Knuckles
What type of joints are the metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints in the pes?
Saddle joints
What are the two symmetrical halves that form the pelvic girdle called?
Ossa coxarum
Which of the following bones is NOT one of the four bones that make up the os coxae in puppies?
Femur
What is the cranial-most part of the ilium called?
Iliac wing
Which part of the iliac wing is associated with the sacrum?
Tuber sacrale
Which of the following bones are located palmar to the metacarpophalangeal joints (II-V) in the canine thoracic limb?
Proximal sesamoid bones
What type of joint is the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint in canines?
Ball-and-socket joint
Which bones contribute to the formation of the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint in canines?
Scapula and humerus
What surrounds the tendon of origin of the biceps brachii muscle as it travels through the intertubercular groove in canines?
Synovial sheath
Which of the following ligaments play a major role in maintaining the integrity of the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint in canines?
Musculature surrounding the joint
Which of the following conditions is extremely rare in veterinary medicine?
Subluxations and luxations of the shoulder
Study Notes
The Pes (Foot)
- The joints of the pes are referred to as the "knuckles"
- These joints are simple saddle joints
The Pelvic Girdle
- The pelvic girdle comprises two symmetrical halves, the ossa coxarum
- Each os coxae is composed of four bones: the ilium, ischium, pubis, and acetabular bone
- These bones fuse intimately with each other across the ventral midline to form a single strong bone
Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
- The ilium is the largest bone forming the os coxae
- The iliac wing is broad both dorsoventrally and craniocaudally, and compressed laterally
- The iliac crest is thickened compared to the remainder of the iliac wing
- The tuber sacrale is the dorsal border of the iliac wing
- The tuber coxae is the ventral border of the iliac wing
- The iliac spines are small projections on the dorsal and ventral borders of the iliac wing
The Thoracic Limb
- The thoracic limb consists of the shoulder girdle, arm, forearm, and forepaw
- The shoulder girdle is composed of the clavicle and scapula
- The arm is represented by the humerus
- The forearm is composed of the radius and ulna
- The forepaw includes the carpal bones, metacarpals, phalanges of the digits, and dorsal as well as palmar sesamoid bones
Pectoral Girdle
- The pectoral girdle consists of the clavicle and scapula
- The clavicle is reduced to the clavicular remnant in dogs
- The clavicular remnant is a small bit of bone or a tendinous thickening in the substance of the brachiocephalicus muscle
- The scapula is a large, flat bone positioned against the lateral surface of the trunk at the junction of the neck and the ribs
Joints and Ligaments of the Thoracic Limb
- The shoulder joint is a ball-and-socket joint, allowing movement in essentially every direction
- The bones contributing to the formation of the shoulder joint are the scapula (by the glenoid cavity) and the humerus (by its head)
- The joint capsule consists of a single cavity that extends between the scapula and humerus
- The medial and lateral glenohumeral ligaments are weak thickenings of the respective surfaces of the joint capsule
Test your knowledge on the bones and joints of the pelvic limb, including the metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints known as 'knuckles' and the structure of the pelvic girdle with its ossa coxarum. Learn about the fusion of the ossa coxarum and the composition of each os coxae.
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