Thoracic and Pelvic Limb Bones

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Questions and Answers

What is the orientation of the cranial articular process known as prezygaphosis?

Caudoventrally

Laterally

Ventrodorsally

Craniodorsally (correct)

Which structure is characteristic of the first cervical vertebra, the atlas?

Long transverse processes

Presence of a spinous process

Two distinct bodies

Reduction of its body (correct)

Which of the following articulates with the occipital condyles of the skull in the atlas?

Caudal articular surface

Cranial articular surface (correct)

Fovea of the dens

Transverse foramen

What distinguishes the atlas from other cervical vertebrae?

It has winglike lateral expansions. Signup and view all the answers

Which bone is part of the thoracic limb?

Scapula Signup and view all the answers

What joint is formed between the atlas and the axis?

Atlanto-axial joint Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is found on the dorsal surface of the body of the atlas?

Fovea of the dens Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature present in the head of the femur?

Fovea Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the proximal head of the ulna?

Number of processes including the olecranon Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the transverse foramen in the cervical vertebrae?

House vertebral arteries and veins Signup and view all the answers

How many carpal bones are present in the thoracic limb?

Seven Signup and view all the answers

Which cervical vertebra is atypical due to its significant differences compared to other cervical vertebrae?

C1 Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is NOT associated with the tibia?

Styloid process Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about the first metatarsal bone?

It is typically atypical Signup and view all the answers

What is the Os Penis more commonly known as?

Baculum Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the humeral condyles?

They form the surface for the patellar bone Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the spine of the T11 vertebra?

It is nearly perpendicular to the long axis of the bone. Signup and view all the answers

How do the spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae change from T12 to T13?

They transition from caudal to cranial direction. Signup and view all the answers

What feature distinguishes lumbar vertebrae from thoracic vertebrae?

Size and absence of costal facets. Signup and view all the answers

What are mamillary processes associated with in the vertebral structure?

Transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae. Signup and view all the answers

Where do accessory processes first appear in the vertebral column?

In the midthoracic region. Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about the bodies of the sacral vertebrae?

They fuse to form the sacrum. Signup and view all the answers

What describes the transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae?

Long and plate-like. Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the articular processes of lumbar vertebrae?

They lie mainly in sagittal planes. Signup and view all the answers

Which structure connects the lesser trochanter with the greater trochanter?

Intertrochanteric crest Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the position of the lesser trochanter?

Prominence distal to the head Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the caudal surface of the femur?

It exhibits a finely roughened surface known as facies aspera. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the medial and lateral epicondyles of the femur?

They serve as attachment points for collateral ligaments. Signup and view all the answers

Which surface is described as a smooth, wide groove articulating with the patella?

Femoral trochlea Signup and view all the answers

How is the lateral condyle of the femur characterized compared to the medial condyle?

It is convex in both sagittal and transverse planes. Signup and view all the answers

What is located between the junction of the lateral ridge of the patellar surface and the lateral epicondyle?

Extensor fossa Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the patella is correct?

It is the largest sesamoid bone in the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the costal groove on the inner surface of the rib?

For carrying intercostal vessels and nerves Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding the costal cartilages of specific ribs is correct?

Costal cartilages of the tenth, eleventh, and twelfth ribs for the costal arch. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the body of the rib?

It is cylindrical and slightly enlarged at the costochondral junction. Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of the thoracic girdle?

Scapulae and clavicle Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the sternum is characterized as the last sternebra?

Xiphoid process Signup and view all the answers

How does the appendicular skeleton connect the bones of the arm to the axial skeleton?

By muscular attachments Signup and view all the answers

Which rib is noted for having the longest costal cartilage?

Ninth rib Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the clavicle within the skeletal system?

It is not articulated with the skeleton. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Thoracic Limb Bones

Scapula - The shoulder blade, a large, flat bone.
Humerus - The bone of the upper arm.
- Head - Articulates with the scapula.
- Greater & Lesser Tubercles - Muscle attachment points.
- Lateral Epicondylar Crest - Muscle attachment point.
- Humeral Condyles - Articulates with the radius and ulna.
Radius - The bone on the thumb side of the forearm.
- Articular Fovea - Connects to the humerus.
- Radial Tuberosity - Muscle attachment.
- Styloid Process - Connects to the carpal bones.
Ulna - The bone on the little finger side of the forearm.
- Olecranon Process - Forms the point of the elbow.
- Styloid Process - Connects to the carpal bones.
Carpals - Seven bones in the wrist.
Metacarpals - Five bones in the palm of the paw.
Digits - Five fingers, each with three phalanges (except the dewclaw).

Pelvic Limb Bones

Hip Bone - The pelvic girdle, comprised of the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
Femur - The thigh bone.
- Head - Articulates with the hip socket.
- Greater & Lesser Trochanters - Muscle attachment points.
- Third Trochanter - Muscle attachment point.
- Femoral Condyles - Articulates with the tibia.
- Femoral Trochlea - Articulates with the patella.
Tibia - The larger bone of the lower leg.
- Condyles - Articulates with the femur.
- Tibial Tuberosity - Muscle attachment point.
- Medial Malleolus - Forms the inner ankle bone.
Fibula - The smaller bone of the lower leg.
- Lateral Malleolus - Forms the outer ankle bone.
Tarsals - Seven bones in the ankle.
Metatarsals - Five bones in the foot, the first one is atypical.
Digits - Five toes, each with three phalanges (except the dewclaw).

Splanchnic/Heterotopic Skeleton

Os Penis (Baculum) - Bone present in the male dog, found in the penis and passing through the bulbus glandis.

Axial Skeleton

Vertebrae - The bones of the spine, consisting of the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and caudal vertebrae.

Cervical Vertebrae (Neck)

Atlas - The first cervical vertebra, supports the skull.
- Modified Articular Processes - Cup the exoccipital condyles of the skull.
- Wings - Lateral extensions.
- Lack of a Spinous Process - Distinguishes the atlas from other vertebrae.
- Ventral Arch - Replaced the body of the vertebra.
- Transverse Foramen - A canal passing through the transverse process.
Axis - The second cervical vertebra.
- Dens - A bony projection that fits into the atlas.

Thoracic Vertebrae (Chest)

Spinous Processes - Project dorsally, with the spine of T11 being nearly perpendicular.
Transverse Processes - Short and blunt, with articular facets for the ribs.
Mamillary Processes - Small projections found on the transverse processes.
Accessory Processes - Found on the midthoracic vertebrae.
Articular Processes - Located at the junctions of the pedicles and laminae.

Lumbar Vertebrae (Loin)

Large size and long transverse processes distinguish lumbar vertebrae from other vertebrae.
Spinous Processes - Highest and most massive in the midlumbar region.
Transverse Processes - Directed cranially and ventrally, longest in the midlumbar region.
Accessory Processes - Well-developed on the first few lumbar vertebrae.
Articular Processes - Lie in sagittal planes, with mamillary processes on the cranial processes.

Sacral Vertebrae

Fused vertebrae forming the sacrum.
Median Sacral Crest - Forms from the fusion of the spinous processes.

Caudal Vertebrae (Tail)

Number varies between animals.
Spinous Processes - Become smaller and reduced caudally.

Ribs

Costal facets - Allow ribs to articulate with the vertebrae.
Neck - The narrow part of the rib.
Tubercle - A prominence on the rib that articulates with the transverse process of the vertebra.
Angle - A lateral eminence distal to the tubercle.
Costal Groove - A groove on the inner surface for the intercostal vessels and nerves.
Costal Cartilage - Connects the ribs to the sternum.

Sternum (Breastbone)

Sternebrae - Eight bones forming the sternum.
Manubrium Sterni - The first sternebra.
Xiphoid Process - The last sternebra.
Xiphoid Cartilage - A cartilaginous extension of the xiphoid process.

Appendicular Skeleton

Thoracic/Pectoral Limb - Bones of the forelimb.
Pelvic Limb - Bones of the hind limb.

Thoracic Girdle

Scapula - The shoulder blade, a large, flat bone.
Clavicle - Not present in all animals.
Coracoid - A small bone.

Arm/Brachium

Humerus - The bone of the upper arm.

Forearm/Antebrachium

Radius - The bone on the thumb side of the forearm.
Ulna - The bone on the little finger side of the forearm.

Forepaw/Manus

Carpus - The wrist bones.
Metacarpals - The bones in the palm of the paw.
Phalanges - The bones of the fingers.
Palmar Sesamoid Bones - Small bones located in the palm of the paw.

Pelvic Girdle

Hip Bone - The pelvis, comprised of the ilium, ischium, and pubis.

Thigh

Femur - The thigh bone.

Lower Leg

Tibia - the larger bone of the lower leg.
Fibula - The smaller bone of the lower leg.

Foot

Tarsus - The ankle bones.
Metatarsals - The bones in the sole of the foot.
Phalanges - The bones of the toes.
Sesamoid Bones - Small bones located in the foot.

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Description

This quiz covers the major bones of the thoracic and pelvic limbs, including detailed parts and functions. It provides insight into bones like the scapula, humerus, radius, and femur, essential for understanding limb anatomy.