Questions and Answers
Which muscle originates from the bases of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th metatarsals?
What is the primary action of the Flexor Hallucis Brevis?
How many dorsal interossei muscles are present in the foot?
Which nerve supplies the Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis?
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What is the action of the plantar interossei muscles?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of the flexor hallucis longus in relation to the flexor hallucis brevis?
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Which structure serves to assist in maintaining the transverse arch of the foot?
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What is the insertion point for the plantar interossei?
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What is the primary action of the intrinsic muscles of the sole of the foot?
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Which muscle is located most medially in the first layer of muscles in the sole of the foot?
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What is the origin of the Quadratus Plantae muscle?
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Which nerve supplies the Abductor Digiti Minimi muscle?
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What action is performed by the Flexor Digitorum Brevis muscle?
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What is one of the main functions of the intrinsic muscles of the foot?
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Which action do the lumbricals assist with?
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Which structure runs between the medial and lateral heads of the flexor hallucis brevis?
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What is the primary role of the dorsal interossei muscles in the foot?
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Which area does the axis for abduction and adduction of the toes pass through?
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What action does the adductor hallucis facilitate apart from its main function?
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Which nerve supplies the majority of intrinsic muscles located in the fourth layer of the foot?
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What is the primary function of the quadratus plantae muscle?
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Which nerve supplies the first lumbrical muscle of the foot?
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Where does the abductor hallucis muscle insert in the foot?
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What is the action performed by the flexor digitorum brevis muscle?
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Which muscle is responsible for abduction of the little toe?
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The primary action of the Abductor Hallucis is the abduction of the proximal phalanx of the little toe.
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The Flexor Digitorum Brevis assists in flexing the middle and proximal phalanges of all five toes.
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The Quadratus Plantae assists the Flexor Digitorum Longus in flexing the lateral four toes.
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Lumbricals are responsible for the extension of metatarsophalangeal joints and flexion of interphalangeal joints.
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The first layer of intrinsic muscles in the foot includes the Lumbricals and Quadratus Plantae.
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The Flexor Hallucis Brevis originates from the cuboid and lateral cuneiform bones.
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The Dorsal Interossei muscles number five.
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The primary action of the Adductor Hallucis muscle is to abduct the proximal phalanx of the great toe.
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The Nerve supply for the Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis is the medial plantar nerve.
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The Interossei muscles also assist in flexing the metatarsophalangeal joints.
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Match the following muscles with their primary action:
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Match the following intrinsic foot muscles with their nerve supply:
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Match the following muscles with their respective origins:
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Match the following layers of intrinsic foot muscles with their characteristics:
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Match the following muscles with their insertion points:
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What structure does the dorsal venous arch drain into?
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Where does the dorsalis pedis artery terminate?
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Which artery is a branch of the dorsalis pedis artery?
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What function does the medial branch of the deep fibular nerve have?
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Which artery runs laterally and gives rise to the dorsal digital arteries?
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What is located between the tendon of extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus?
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What structure does the deep plantar artery help to complete?
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Which artery gives rise to digital arteries for the great toe?
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Which branch of the deep fibular nerve supplies the extensor digitorum brevis?
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What area does the dorsal venous arch primarily drain?
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Which artery completes the deep plantar arch on the medial side of the foot?
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What structure does the lateral branch of the deep fibular nerve primarily supply?
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What is the primary function of the arcuate artery?
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Where does the dorsalis pedis artery originate?
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Which arteries branch off from the dorsalis pedis artery?
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What is the initial location of the dorsalis pedis artery relative to the ankle?
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Which artery branches off the dorsalis pedis artery and runs laterally across the bases of the metatarsals?
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How does the deep plantar artery reach the sole of the foot?
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What does the lateral branch of the deep fibular nerve primarily supply?
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Which artery directly supplies the dorsal digital arteries for both sides of the great toe?
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What is the correct anatomical relationship of the dorsalis pedis artery as it runs on the foot?
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Which of the following structures occurs at the termination point of the dorsalis pedis artery?
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Which is the primary function of the medial branch of the deep fibular nerve?
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What does the dorsal venous arch primarily drain into?
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Which artery provides the arterial supply for the lateral part of the toes?
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The dorsal venous arch drains into the great saphenous vein.
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The dorsalis pedis artery runs medially on the dorsum of the foot.
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The deep plantar artery passes inferiorly to complete the deep plantar arch on the lateral side.
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The medial branch of the deep fibular nerve supplies the skin of the adjacent sides of the great toe and second toe.
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The first dorsal metatarsal artery gives off dorsal digital arteries for both sides of the great toe and the lateral side of the second toe.
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The arcuate artery runs laterally, deep to the tendons of extensor digitorum longus and brevis.
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The dorsalis pedis artery terminates at the distal end of the 1st interosseous space.
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The lateral branch of the deep fibular nerve supplies the extensor hallucis longus muscle.
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Branches of the dorsalis pedis artery include the medial and lateral tarsal arteries.
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Match the following arteries with their respective characteristics:
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Match the following branches of the deep fibular nerve with their functions:
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Match the following veins with their drainage targets:
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Match the following components of the dorsalis pedis artery's branches:
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Match the following anatomical locations with their corresponding arteries:
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The medial branch of deep fibular nerve supplies adjacent sides of great and 2nd toes
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Study Notes
Actions of the Muscles of the Sole of the Foot
- Muscles function collectively for posture and locomotion rather than individual toe control.
- Important for maintaining foot arches and resisting flattening forces.
Intrinsic Muscles of the Sole of the Foot
First Layer
-
Abductor Hallucis
- Most medial muscle of the first layer.
- Originates from medial tubercle of calcaneal tuberosity.
- Inserts on the medial side of the proximal phalanx of the great toe.
- Innervated by the medial plantar nerve.
- Action: abducts proximal phalanx of the great toe.
-
Flexor Digitorum Brevis
- Central muscle located underneath the plantar aponeurosis.
- Originates from medial tubercle of calcaneal tuberosity.
- Gives rise to tendons for the lateral four toes, allowing passage for flexor digitorum longus.
- Innervated by the medial plantar nerve.
- Action: flexes middle and proximal phalanges of lateral four toes.
-
Abductor Digiti Minimi
- Most lateral muscle in the first layer.
- Originates from medial and lateral tubercles of calcaneal tuberosity.
- Inserts on the lateral side of the proximal phalanx of the little toe.
- Innervated by the lateral plantar nerve.
- Action: abducts proximal phalanx of the little toe.
Second Layer
-
Lumbricals
- Four muscles present.
- Originate from tendons of flexor digitorum longus.
- Insert on the medial side of extensor expansions of lateral four toes.
- Innervation: medial plantar nerve (1st), lateral plantar nerve (2nd, 3rd, 4th).
- Action: flex metatarsophalangeal joints; extend interphalangeal joints of lateral four toes.
-
Quadratus Plantae (Flexor Digitorum Accessorius)
- Originates from two heads of the calcaneus.
- Inserts on the posterolateral border of flexor digitorum longus tendon.
- Innervated by the lateral plantar nerve.
- Action: assists in flexing lateral four toes and corrects obliquity of flexor digitorum longus.
Third Layer
-
Flexor Hallucis Brevis
- Originates from cuboid, lateral cuneiform, and tendon of tibialis posterior.
- Divides into two heads inserting into the base of the proximal phalanx of the great toe.
- Contains sesamoid bones within each tendon.
- Innervated by the medial plantar nerve.
- Action: flexes proximal phalanx of the great toe.
-
Adductor Hallucis
- Has an oblique head (from bases of 2nd, 3rd, 4th metatarsals) and a transverse head (from plantar ligaments of metatarsophalangeal joints).
- Inserts on the lateral side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the great toe.
- Innervated by the lateral plantar nerve.
- Action: adducts proximal phalanx of the great toe and supports the transverse arch.
-
Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis
- Originates from the base of the 5th metatarsal.
- Inserts on the lateral side of the proximal phalanx of the little toe.
- Innervated by the lateral plantar nerve.
- Action: flexes proximal phalanx of the little toe.
Fourth Layer
-
Interossei
- Axis for toe abduction/adduction runs through the 2nd toe.
- Plantar interossei act as adductors (PAD); dorsal interossei serve as abductors (DAB).
- Both types flex metatarsophalangeal joints and extend interphalangeal joints.
-
Plantar Interossei
- Comprising three muscles.
- Originate from 3rd, 4th, and 5th metatarsals.
- Insert on the medial side of bases of proximal phalanges of 3rd, 4th, and 5th toes.
- Innervated by the lateral plantar nerve.
-
Dorsal Interossei
- Total of four muscles.
- Each originates by two heads from sides of adjacent metatarsals.
- Insertions include the 2nd toe (medial and lateral sides) and the lateral sides of 3rd and 4th toes.
- Innervated by the lateral plantar nerve.
-
The tendons of tibialis anterior and peroneus tertius are located in the fourth layer.
Actions of the Muscles of the Sole of the Foot
- Muscles function collectively for posture and locomotion rather than individual toe control.
- Important for maintaining foot arches and resisting flattening forces.
Intrinsic Muscles of the Sole of the Foot
First Layer
-
Abductor Hallucis
- Most medial muscle of the first layer.
- Originates from medial tubercle of calcaneal tuberosity.
- Inserts on the medial side of the proximal phalanx of the great toe.
- Innervated by the medial plantar nerve.
- Action: abducts proximal phalanx of the great toe.
-
Flexor Digitorum Brevis
- Central muscle located underneath the plantar aponeurosis.
- Originates from medial tubercle of calcaneal tuberosity.
- Gives rise to tendons for the lateral four toes, allowing passage for flexor digitorum longus.
- Innervated by the medial plantar nerve.
- Action: flexes middle and proximal phalanges of lateral four toes.
-
Abductor Digiti Minimi
- Most lateral muscle in the first layer.
- Originates from medial and lateral tubercles of calcaneal tuberosity.
- Inserts on the lateral side of the proximal phalanx of the little toe.
- Innervated by the lateral plantar nerve.
- Action: abducts proximal phalanx of the little toe.
Second Layer
-
Lumbricals
- Four muscles present.
- Originate from tendons of flexor digitorum longus.
- Insert on the medial side of extensor expansions of lateral four toes.
- Innervation: medial plantar nerve (1st), lateral plantar nerve (2nd, 3rd, 4th).
- Action: flex metatarsophalangeal joints; extend interphalangeal joints of lateral four toes.
-
Quadratus Plantae (Flexor Digitorum Accessorius)
- Originates from two heads of the calcaneus.
- Inserts on the posterolateral border of flexor digitorum longus tendon.
- Innervated by the lateral plantar nerve.
- Action: assists in flexing lateral four toes and corrects obliquity of flexor digitorum longus.
Third Layer
-
Flexor Hallucis Brevis
- Originates from cuboid, lateral cuneiform, and tendon of tibialis posterior.
- Divides into two heads inserting into the base of the proximal phalanx of the great toe.
- Contains sesamoid bones within each tendon.
- Innervated by the medial plantar nerve.
- Action: flexes proximal phalanx of the great toe.
-
Adductor Hallucis
- Has an oblique head (from bases of 2nd, 3rd, 4th metatarsals) and a transverse head (from plantar ligaments of metatarsophalangeal joints).
- Inserts on the lateral side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the great toe.
- Innervated by the lateral plantar nerve.
- Action: adducts proximal phalanx of the great toe and supports the transverse arch.
-
Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis
- Originates from the base of the 5th metatarsal.
- Inserts on the lateral side of the proximal phalanx of the little toe.
- Innervated by the lateral plantar nerve.
- Action: flexes proximal phalanx of the little toe.
Fourth Layer
-
Interossei
- Axis for toe abduction/adduction runs through the 2nd toe.
- Plantar interossei act as adductors (PAD); dorsal interossei serve as abductors (DAB).
- Both types flex metatarsophalangeal joints and extend interphalangeal joints.
-
Plantar Interossei
- Comprising three muscles.
- Originate from 3rd, 4th, and 5th metatarsals.
- Insert on the medial side of bases of proximal phalanges of 3rd, 4th, and 5th toes.
- Innervated by the lateral plantar nerve.
-
Dorsal Interossei
- Total of four muscles.
- Each originates by two heads from sides of adjacent metatarsals.
- Insertions include the 2nd toe (medial and lateral sides) and the lateral sides of 3rd and 4th toes.
- Innervated by the lateral plantar nerve.
-
The tendons of tibialis anterior and peroneus tertius are located in the fourth layer.
Actions of the Muscles of the Sole of the Foot
- Muscles function collectively for posture and locomotion rather than individual toe control.
- Important for maintaining foot arches and resisting flattening forces.
Intrinsic Muscles of the Sole of the Foot
First Layer
-
Abductor Hallucis
- Most medial muscle of the first layer.
- Originates from medial tubercle of calcaneal tuberosity.
- Inserts on the medial side of the proximal phalanx of the great toe.
- Innervated by the medial plantar nerve.
- Action: abducts proximal phalanx of the great toe.
-
Flexor Digitorum Brevis
- Central muscle located underneath the plantar aponeurosis.
- Originates from medial tubercle of calcaneal tuberosity.
- Gives rise to tendons for the lateral four toes, allowing passage for flexor digitorum longus.
- Innervated by the medial plantar nerve.
- Action: flexes middle and proximal phalanges of lateral four toes.
-
Abductor Digiti Minimi
- Most lateral muscle in the first layer.
- Originates from medial and lateral tubercles of calcaneal tuberosity.
- Inserts on the lateral side of the proximal phalanx of the little toe.
- Innervated by the lateral plantar nerve.
- Action: abducts proximal phalanx of the little toe.
Second Layer
-
Lumbricals
- Four muscles present.
- Originate from tendons of flexor digitorum longus.
- Insert on the medial side of extensor expansions of lateral four toes.
- Innervation: medial plantar nerve (1st), lateral plantar nerve (2nd, 3rd, 4th).
- Action: flex metatarsophalangeal joints; extend interphalangeal joints of lateral four toes.
-
Quadratus Plantae (Flexor Digitorum Accessorius)
- Originates from two heads of the calcaneus.
- Inserts on the posterolateral border of flexor digitorum longus tendon.
- Innervated by the lateral plantar nerve.
- Action: assists in flexing lateral four toes and corrects obliquity of flexor digitorum longus.
Third Layer
-
Flexor Hallucis Brevis
- Originates from cuboid, lateral cuneiform, and tendon of tibialis posterior.
- Divides into two heads inserting into the base of the proximal phalanx of the great toe.
- Contains sesamoid bones within each tendon.
- Innervated by the medial plantar nerve.
- Action: flexes proximal phalanx of the great toe.
-
Adductor Hallucis
- Has an oblique head (from bases of 2nd, 3rd, 4th metatarsals) and a transverse head (from plantar ligaments of metatarsophalangeal joints).
- Inserts on the lateral side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the great toe.
- Innervated by the lateral plantar nerve.
- Action: adducts proximal phalanx of the great toe and supports the transverse arch.
-
Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis
- Originates from the base of the 5th metatarsal.
- Inserts on the lateral side of the proximal phalanx of the little toe.
- Innervated by the lateral plantar nerve.
- Action: flexes proximal phalanx of the little toe.
Fourth Layer
-
Interossei
- Axis for toe abduction/adduction runs through the 2nd toe.
- Plantar interossei act as adductors (PAD); dorsal interossei serve as abductors (DAB).
- Both types flex metatarsophalangeal joints and extend interphalangeal joints.
-
Plantar Interossei
- Comprising three muscles.
- Originate from 3rd, 4th, and 5th metatarsals.
- Insert on the medial side of bases of proximal phalanges of 3rd, 4th, and 5th toes.
- Innervated by the lateral plantar nerve.
-
Dorsal Interossei
- Total of four muscles.
- Each originates by two heads from sides of adjacent metatarsals.
- Insertions include the 2nd toe (medial and lateral sides) and the lateral sides of 3rd and 4th toes.
- Innervated by the lateral plantar nerve.
-
The tendons of tibialis anterior and peroneus tertius are located in the fourth layer.
Actions of the Muscles of the Sole of the Foot
- Muscles function collectively for posture and locomotion rather than individual toe control.
- Important for maintaining foot arches and resisting flattening forces.
Intrinsic Muscles of the Sole of the Foot
First Layer
-
Abductor Hallucis
- Most medial muscle of the first layer.
- Originates from medial tubercle of calcaneal tuberosity.
- Inserts on the medial side of the proximal phalanx of the great toe.
- Innervated by the medial plantar nerve.
- Action: abducts proximal phalanx of the great toe.
-
Flexor Digitorum Brevis
- Central muscle located underneath the plantar aponeurosis.
- Originates from medial tubercle of calcaneal tuberosity.
- Gives rise to tendons for the lateral four toes, allowing passage for flexor digitorum longus.
- Innervated by the medial plantar nerve.
- Action: flexes middle and proximal phalanges of lateral four toes.
-
Abductor Digiti Minimi
- Most lateral muscle in the first layer.
- Originates from medial and lateral tubercles of calcaneal tuberosity.
- Inserts on the lateral side of the proximal phalanx of the little toe.
- Innervated by the lateral plantar nerve.
- Action: abducts proximal phalanx of the little toe.
Second Layer
-
Lumbricals
- Four muscles present.
- Originate from tendons of flexor digitorum longus.
- Insert on the medial side of extensor expansions of lateral four toes.
- Innervation: medial plantar nerve (1st), lateral plantar nerve (2nd, 3rd, 4th).
- Action: flex metatarsophalangeal joints; extend interphalangeal joints of lateral four toes.
-
Quadratus Plantae (Flexor Digitorum Accessorius)
- Originates from two heads of the calcaneus.
- Inserts on the posterolateral border of flexor digitorum longus tendon.
- Innervated by the lateral plantar nerve.
- Action: assists in flexing lateral four toes and corrects obliquity of flexor digitorum longus.
Third Layer
-
Flexor Hallucis Brevis
- Originates from cuboid, lateral cuneiform, and tendon of tibialis posterior.
- Divides into two heads inserting into the base of the proximal phalanx of the great toe.
- Contains sesamoid bones within each tendon.
- Innervated by the medial plantar nerve.
- Action: flexes proximal phalanx of the great toe.
-
Adductor Hallucis
- Has an oblique head (from bases of 2nd, 3rd, 4th metatarsals) and a transverse head (from plantar ligaments of metatarsophalangeal joints).
- Inserts on the lateral side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the great toe.
- Innervated by the lateral plantar nerve.
- Action: adducts proximal phalanx of the great toe and supports the transverse arch.
-
Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis
- Originates from the base of the 5th metatarsal.
- Inserts on the lateral side of the proximal phalanx of the little toe.
- Innervated by the lateral plantar nerve.
- Action: flexes proximal phalanx of the little toe.
Fourth Layer
-
Interossei
- Axis for toe abduction/adduction runs through the 2nd toe.
- Plantar interossei act as adductors (PAD); dorsal interossei serve as abductors (DAB).
- Both types flex metatarsophalangeal joints and extend interphalangeal joints.
-
Plantar Interossei
- Comprising three muscles.
- Originate from 3rd, 4th, and 5th metatarsals.
- Insert on the medial side of bases of proximal phalanges of 3rd, 4th, and 5th toes.
- Innervated by the lateral plantar nerve.
-
Dorsal Interossei
- Total of four muscles.
- Each originates by two heads from sides of adjacent metatarsals.
- Insertions include the 2nd toe (medial and lateral sides) and the lateral sides of 3rd and 4th toes.
- Innervated by the lateral plantar nerve.
-
The tendons of tibialis anterior and peroneus tertius are located in the fourth layer.
Cutaneous Innervation of the Sole of the Foot
- Skin on the sole is thick, hairless, and firmly attached to deeper fascia.
- Medial calcaneal branches of the tibial nerve predominantly innervate the heel.
- Medial plantar nerve supplies the medial two-thirds of the sole and the medial 3½ toes.
- Lateral plantar nerve innervates the lateral third of the sole and lateral 1½ toes.
- Saphenous nerve supplies a small area along the medial border.
- Sural nerve (via lateral calcaneal and lateral dorsal cutaneous branches) serves part of the lateral heel and border.
Deep Fascia of the Sole of the Foot
- Plantar aponeurosis is the thickest part of the fascia, located in the center.
- It divides into five digital bands that connect at the metatarsal heads, supported by transverse fibers and ligaments.
- Functions to attach skin, protect deeper structures, and support the foot's longitudinal arches.
Fibrous Flexor (Digital) Sheaths
- Start at metatarsal heads and extend to distal phalanx bases, forming osteofibrous tunnels for tendons.
- Great toe tunnel contains the flexor hallucis longus tendon.
- Lateral four toes' tunnels contain tendons of flexor digitorum longus and brevis, all surrounded by synovial sheaths.
Medial Plantar Artery
- Smaller terminal branch of the posterior tibial artery, entering the foot deep to the abductor hallucis.
- Runs between abductor hallucis and flexor digitorum brevis, supplying the medial side of the great toe.
- Provides muscular and cutaneous branches along its path.
Lateral Plantar Artery
- Larger terminal branch of the posterior tibial artery, also entering deep to abductor hallucis.
- Travels anteriorly and laterally, forming a plantar arch at the base of the 5th metatarsal.
- Anastomoses with the deep plantar artery at the proximal 1st interosseous space and supplies plantar digital arteries to the toes.
Medial Plantar Nerve
- Terminal branch of the tibial nerve that innervates specific muscles and skin in the foot.
- Supplies the abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, 1st lumbrical, and flexor hallucis brevis.
- Provides sensation to the medial two-thirds of the sole and the plantar aspects of the medial 3½ toes.
Lateral Plantar Nerve
- Terminal branch of the tibial nerve that innervates multiple foot muscles.
- Supplies abductor digiti minimi, quadratus plantae, lumbricals, adductor hallucis, and interossei.
- Sensation to the lateral third of the sole and the plantar aspects of lateral 1½ toes.
Cutaneous Innervation of the Dorsum of the Foot
- Dorsal skin is thin, hairy, and movable.
- Superficial fibular nerve branches into medial and intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerves, innervating the foot's dorsum.
- Medial branch of deep fibular nerve supplies adjacent great and 2nd toes, while the saphenous nerve serves the medial foot border.
Dorsal Venous Arch
- Located in the superficial fascia, it receives blood from dorsal digital veins and drains into the great and small saphenous veins.
Dorsalis Pedis Artery
- Continues from the anterior tibial artery, traversing the dorsum between tendons.
- Terminates by branching into the 1st dorsal metatarsal artery and deep plantar artery near the 1st interosseous space.
- Additional branches include medial and lateral tarsal arteries, the arcuate artery, and more.
Deep Fibular Nerve
- Enters the dorsum laterally to the dorsalis pedis artery and divides into medial and lateral branches.
- Lateral branch supplies the extensor digitorum brevis while the medial branch innervates skin between the great toe and 2nd toe.
Cutaneous Innervation of the Sole of the Foot
- Skin on the sole is thick, hairless, and firmly attached to deeper fascia.
- Medial calcaneal branches of the tibial nerve predominantly innervate the heel.
- Medial plantar nerve supplies the medial two-thirds of the sole and the medial 3½ toes.
- Lateral plantar nerve innervates the lateral third of the sole and lateral 1½ toes.
- Saphenous nerve supplies a small area along the medial border.
- Sural nerve (via lateral calcaneal and lateral dorsal cutaneous branches) serves part of the lateral heel and border.
Deep Fascia of the Sole of the Foot
- Plantar aponeurosis is the thickest part of the fascia, located in the center.
- It divides into five digital bands that connect at the metatarsal heads, supported by transverse fibers and ligaments.
- Functions to attach skin, protect deeper structures, and support the foot's longitudinal arches.
Fibrous Flexor (Digital) Sheaths
- Start at metatarsal heads and extend to distal phalanx bases, forming osteofibrous tunnels for tendons.
- Great toe tunnel contains the flexor hallucis longus tendon.
- Lateral four toes' tunnels contain tendons of flexor digitorum longus and brevis, all surrounded by synovial sheaths.
Medial Plantar Artery
- Smaller terminal branch of the posterior tibial artery, entering the foot deep to the abductor hallucis.
- Runs between abductor hallucis and flexor digitorum brevis, supplying the medial side of the great toe.
- Provides muscular and cutaneous branches along its path.
Lateral Plantar Artery
- Larger terminal branch of the posterior tibial artery, also entering deep to abductor hallucis.
- Travels anteriorly and laterally, forming a plantar arch at the base of the 5th metatarsal.
- Anastomoses with the deep plantar artery at the proximal 1st interosseous space and supplies plantar digital arteries to the toes.
Medial Plantar Nerve
- Terminal branch of the tibial nerve that innervates specific muscles and skin in the foot.
- Supplies the abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, 1st lumbrical, and flexor hallucis brevis.
- Provides sensation to the medial two-thirds of the sole and the plantar aspects of the medial 3½ toes.
Lateral Plantar Nerve
- Terminal branch of the tibial nerve that innervates multiple foot muscles.
- Supplies abductor digiti minimi, quadratus plantae, lumbricals, adductor hallucis, and interossei.
- Sensation to the lateral third of the sole and the plantar aspects of lateral 1½ toes.
Cutaneous Innervation of the Dorsum of the Foot
- Dorsal skin is thin, hairy, and movable.
- Superficial fibular nerve branches into medial and intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerves, innervating the foot's dorsum.
- Medial branch of deep fibular nerve supplies adjacent great and 2nd toes, while the saphenous nerve serves the medial foot border.
Dorsal Venous Arch
- Located in the superficial fascia, it receives blood from dorsal digital veins and drains into the great and small saphenous veins.
Dorsalis Pedis Artery
- Continues from the anterior tibial artery, traversing the dorsum between tendons.
- Terminates by branching into the 1st dorsal metatarsal artery and deep plantar artery near the 1st interosseous space.
- Additional branches include medial and lateral tarsal arteries, the arcuate artery, and more.
Deep Fibular Nerve
- Enters the dorsum laterally to the dorsalis pedis artery and divides into medial and lateral branches.
- Lateral branch supplies the extensor digitorum brevis while the medial branch innervates skin between the great toe and 2nd toe.
Cutaneous Innervation of the Sole of the Foot
- Skin on the sole is thick, hairless, and firmly attached to deeper fascia.
- Medial calcaneal branches of the tibial nerve predominantly innervate the heel.
- Medial plantar nerve supplies the medial two-thirds of the sole and the medial 3½ toes.
- Lateral plantar nerve innervates the lateral third of the sole and lateral 1½ toes.
- Saphenous nerve supplies a small area along the medial border.
- Sural nerve (via lateral calcaneal and lateral dorsal cutaneous branches) serves part of the lateral heel and border.
Deep Fascia of the Sole of the Foot
- Plantar aponeurosis is the thickest part of the fascia, located in the center.
- It divides into five digital bands that connect at the metatarsal heads, supported by transverse fibers and ligaments.
- Functions to attach skin, protect deeper structures, and support the foot's longitudinal arches.
Fibrous Flexor (Digital) Sheaths
- Start at metatarsal heads and extend to distal phalanx bases, forming osteofibrous tunnels for tendons.
- Great toe tunnel contains the flexor hallucis longus tendon.
- Lateral four toes' tunnels contain tendons of flexor digitorum longus and brevis, all surrounded by synovial sheaths.
Medial Plantar Artery
- Smaller terminal branch of the posterior tibial artery, entering the foot deep to the abductor hallucis.
- Runs between abductor hallucis and flexor digitorum brevis, supplying the medial side of the great toe.
- Provides muscular and cutaneous branches along its path.
Lateral Plantar Artery
- Larger terminal branch of the posterior tibial artery, also entering deep to abductor hallucis.
- Travels anteriorly and laterally, forming a plantar arch at the base of the 5th metatarsal.
- Anastomoses with the deep plantar artery at the proximal 1st interosseous space and supplies plantar digital arteries to the toes.
Medial Plantar Nerve
- Terminal branch of the tibial nerve that innervates specific muscles and skin in the foot.
- Supplies the abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, 1st lumbrical, and flexor hallucis brevis.
- Provides sensation to the medial two-thirds of the sole and the plantar aspects of the medial 3½ toes.
Lateral Plantar Nerve
- Terminal branch of the tibial nerve that innervates multiple foot muscles.
- Supplies abductor digiti minimi, quadratus plantae, lumbricals, adductor hallucis, and interossei.
- Sensation to the lateral third of the sole and the plantar aspects of lateral 1½ toes.
Cutaneous Innervation of the Dorsum of the Foot
- Dorsal skin is thin, hairy, and movable.
- Superficial fibular nerve branches into medial and intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerves, innervating the foot's dorsum.
- Medial branch of deep fibular nerve supplies adjacent great and 2nd toes, while the saphenous nerve serves the medial foot border.
Dorsal Venous Arch
- Located in the superficial fascia, it receives blood from dorsal digital veins and drains into the great and small saphenous veins.
Dorsalis Pedis Artery
- Continues from the anterior tibial artery, traversing the dorsum between tendons.
- Terminates by branching into the 1st dorsal metatarsal artery and deep plantar artery near the 1st interosseous space.
- Additional branches include medial and lateral tarsal arteries, the arcuate artery, and more.
Deep Fibular Nerve
- Enters the dorsum laterally to the dorsalis pedis artery and divides into medial and lateral branches.
- Lateral branch supplies the extensor digitorum brevis while the medial branch innervates skin between the great toe and 2nd toe.
Cutaneous Innervation of the Sole of the Foot
- Skin on the sole is thick, hairless, and firmly attached to deeper fascia.
- Medial calcaneal branches of the tibial nerve predominantly innervate the heel.
- Medial plantar nerve supplies the medial two-thirds of the sole and the medial 3½ toes.
- Lateral plantar nerve innervates the lateral third of the sole and lateral 1½ toes.
- Saphenous nerve supplies a small area along the medial border.
- Sural nerve (via lateral calcaneal and lateral dorsal cutaneous branches) serves part of the lateral heel and border.
Deep Fascia of the Sole of the Foot
- Plantar aponeurosis is the thickest part of the fascia, located in the center.
- It divides into five digital bands that connect at the metatarsal heads, supported by transverse fibers and ligaments.
- Functions to attach skin, protect deeper structures, and support the foot's longitudinal arches.
Fibrous Flexor (Digital) Sheaths
- Start at metatarsal heads and extend to distal phalanx bases, forming osteofibrous tunnels for tendons.
- Great toe tunnel contains the flexor hallucis longus tendon.
- Lateral four toes' tunnels contain tendons of flexor digitorum longus and brevis, all surrounded by synovial sheaths.
Medial Plantar Artery
- Smaller terminal branch of the posterior tibial artery, entering the foot deep to the abductor hallucis.
- Runs between abductor hallucis and flexor digitorum brevis, supplying the medial side of the great toe.
- Provides muscular and cutaneous branches along its path.
Lateral Plantar Artery
- Larger terminal branch of the posterior tibial artery, also entering deep to abductor hallucis.
- Travels anteriorly and laterally, forming a plantar arch at the base of the 5th metatarsal.
- Anastomoses with the deep plantar artery at the proximal 1st interosseous space and supplies plantar digital arteries to the toes.
Medial Plantar Nerve
- Terminal branch of the tibial nerve that innervates specific muscles and skin in the foot.
- Supplies the abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, 1st lumbrical, and flexor hallucis brevis.
- Provides sensation to the medial two-thirds of the sole and the plantar aspects of the medial 3½ toes.
Lateral Plantar Nerve
- Terminal branch of the tibial nerve that innervates multiple foot muscles.
- Supplies abductor digiti minimi, quadratus plantae, lumbricals, adductor hallucis, and interossei.
- Sensation to the lateral third of the sole and the plantar aspects of lateral 1½ toes.
Cutaneous Innervation of the Dorsum of the Foot
- Dorsal skin is thin, hairy, and movable.
- Superficial fibular nerve branches into medial and intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerves, innervating the foot's dorsum.
- Medial branch of deep fibular nerve supplies adjacent great and 2nd toes, while the saphenous nerve serves the medial foot border.
Dorsal Venous Arch
- Located in the superficial fascia, it receives blood from dorsal digital veins and drains into the great and small saphenous veins.
Dorsalis Pedis Artery
- Continues from the anterior tibial artery, traversing the dorsum between tendons.
- Terminates by branching into the 1st dorsal metatarsal artery and deep plantar artery near the 1st interosseous space.
- Additional branches include medial and lateral tarsal arteries, the arcuate artery, and more.
Deep Fibular Nerve
- Enters the dorsum laterally to the dorsalis pedis artery and divides into medial and lateral branches.
- Lateral branch supplies the extensor digitorum brevis while the medial branch innervates skin between the great toe and 2nd toe.
Cutaneous Innervation of the Sole of the Foot
- Skin on the sole is thick, hairless, and firmly attached to deeper fascia.
- Medial calcaneal branches of the tibial nerve predominantly innervate the heel.
- Medial plantar nerve supplies the medial two-thirds of the sole and the medial 3½ toes.
- Lateral plantar nerve innervates the lateral third of the sole and lateral 1½ toes.
- Saphenous nerve supplies a small area along the medial border.
- Sural nerve (via lateral calcaneal and lateral dorsal cutaneous branches) serves part of the lateral heel and border.
Deep Fascia of the Sole of the Foot
- Plantar aponeurosis is the thickest part of the fascia, located in the center.
- It divides into five digital bands that connect at the metatarsal heads, supported by transverse fibers and ligaments.
- Functions to attach skin, protect deeper structures, and support the foot's longitudinal arches.
Fibrous Flexor (Digital) Sheaths
- Start at metatarsal heads and extend to distal phalanx bases, forming osteofibrous tunnels for tendons.
- Great toe tunnel contains the flexor hallucis longus tendon.
- Lateral four toes' tunnels contain tendons of flexor digitorum longus and brevis, all surrounded by synovial sheaths.
Medial Plantar Artery
- Smaller terminal branch of the posterior tibial artery, entering the foot deep to the abductor hallucis.
- Runs between abductor hallucis and flexor digitorum brevis, supplying the medial side of the great toe.
- Provides muscular and cutaneous branches along its path.
Lateral Plantar Artery
- Larger terminal branch of the posterior tibial artery, also entering deep to abductor hallucis.
- Travels anteriorly and laterally, forming a plantar arch at the base of the 5th metatarsal.
- Anastomoses with the deep plantar artery at the proximal 1st interosseous space and supplies plantar digital arteries to the toes.
Medial Plantar Nerve
- Terminal branch of the tibial nerve that innervates specific muscles and skin in the foot.
- Supplies the abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, 1st lumbrical, and flexor hallucis brevis.
- Provides sensation to the medial two-thirds of the sole and the plantar aspects of the medial 3½ toes.
Lateral Plantar Nerve
- Terminal branch of the tibial nerve that innervates multiple foot muscles.
- Supplies abductor digiti minimi, quadratus plantae, lumbricals, adductor hallucis, and interossei.
- Sensation to the lateral third of the sole and the plantar aspects of lateral 1½ toes.
Cutaneous Innervation of the Dorsum of the Foot
- Dorsal skin is thin, hairy, and movable.
- Superficial fibular nerve branches into medial and intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerves, innervating the foot's dorsum.
- Medial branch of deep fibular nerve supplies adjacent great and 2nd toes, while the saphenous nerve serves the medial foot border.
Dorsal Venous Arch
- Located in the superficial fascia, it receives blood from dorsal digital veins and drains into the great and small saphenous veins.
Dorsalis Pedis Artery
- Continues from the anterior tibial artery, traversing the dorsum between tendons.
- Terminates by branching into the 1st dorsal metatarsal artery and deep plantar artery near the 1st interosseous space.
- Additional branches include medial and lateral tarsal arteries, the arcuate artery, and more.
Deep Fibular Nerve
- Enters the dorsum laterally to the dorsalis pedis artery and divides into medial and lateral branches.
- Lateral branch supplies the extensor digitorum brevis while the medial branch innervates skin between the great toe and 2nd toe.
Cutaneous Innervation of the Sole of the Foot
- Skin on the sole is thick, hairless, and firmly attached to deeper fascia.
- Medial calcaneal branches of the tibial nerve predominantly innervate the heel.
- Medial plantar nerve supplies the medial two-thirds of the sole and the medial 3½ toes.
- Lateral plantar nerve innervates the lateral third of the sole and lateral 1½ toes.
- Saphenous nerve supplies a small area along the medial border.
- Sural nerve (via lateral calcaneal and lateral dorsal cutaneous branches) serves part of the lateral heel and border.
Deep Fascia of the Sole of the Foot
- Plantar aponeurosis is the thickest part of the fascia, located in the center.
- It divides into five digital bands that connect at the metatarsal heads, supported by transverse fibers and ligaments.
- Functions to attach skin, protect deeper structures, and support the foot's longitudinal arches.
Fibrous Flexor (Digital) Sheaths
- Start at metatarsal heads and extend to distal phalanx bases, forming osteofibrous tunnels for tendons.
- Great toe tunnel contains the flexor hallucis longus tendon.
- Lateral four toes' tunnels contain tendons of flexor digitorum longus and brevis, all surrounded by synovial sheaths.
Medial Plantar Artery
- Smaller terminal branch of the posterior tibial artery, entering the foot deep to the abductor hallucis.
- Runs between abductor hallucis and flexor digitorum brevis, supplying the medial side of the great toe.
- Provides muscular and cutaneous branches along its path.
Lateral Plantar Artery
- Larger terminal branch of the posterior tibial artery, also entering deep to abductor hallucis.
- Travels anteriorly and laterally, forming a plantar arch at the base of the 5th metatarsal.
- Anastomoses with the deep plantar artery at the proximal 1st interosseous space and supplies plantar digital arteries to the toes.
Medial Plantar Nerve
- Terminal branch of the tibial nerve that innervates specific muscles and skin in the foot.
- Supplies the abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, 1st lumbrical, and flexor hallucis brevis.
- Provides sensation to the medial two-thirds of the sole and the plantar aspects of the medial 3½ toes.
Lateral Plantar Nerve
- Terminal branch of the tibial nerve that innervates multiple foot muscles.
- Supplies abductor digiti minimi, quadratus plantae, lumbricals, adductor hallucis, and interossei.
- Sensation to the lateral third of the sole and the plantar aspects of lateral 1½ toes.
Cutaneous Innervation of the Dorsum of the Foot
- Dorsal skin is thin, hairy, and movable.
- Superficial fibular nerve branches into medial and intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerves, innervating the foot's dorsum.
- Medial branch of deep fibular nerve supplies adjacent great and 2nd toes, while the saphenous nerve serves the medial foot border.
Dorsal Venous Arch
- Located in the superficial fascia, it receives blood from dorsal digital veins and drains into the great and small saphenous veins.
Dorsalis Pedis Artery
- Continues from the anterior tibial artery, traversing the dorsum between tendons.
- Terminates by branching into the 1st dorsal metatarsal artery and deep plantar artery near the 1st interosseous space.
- Additional branches include medial and lateral tarsal arteries, the arcuate artery, and more.
Deep Fibular Nerve
- Enters the dorsum laterally to the dorsalis pedis artery and divides into medial and lateral branches.
- Lateral branch supplies the extensor digitorum brevis while the medial branch innervates skin between the great toe and 2nd toe.
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Description
Explore the actions and functions of the intrinsic muscles of the sole of the foot. This quiz covers the primary roles of these muscles in maintaining posture, locomotion, and the stability of the foot's arches. Test your knowledge on the anatomy and significance of these muscles.
