Anatomy of the Plantar Foot
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Questions and Answers

Which muscle flexes the 5th MTP joint?

  • Lumbricals
  • Abductor digiti minimi
  • Flexor digitorum brevis
  • Flexor digiti minimi (correct)

    • Which innervates the quadratus plantae muscle?

  • Superficial fibular nerve
  • Deep fibular nerve
  • Lateral plantar nerve (correct)
  • Medial plantar nerve

    • What action is primarily performed by the flexor digitorum brevis?

  • Flex MTPJ and extend IPJs
  • Extend MTPJ and abduction
  • Flex MTPJ and stabilize phalanges
  • Flex MTPJ and PIPJ (correct)

    • Which muscle originates from the bases of the 2nd to 4th metatarsals?

    <p>Adductor hallucis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of muscles contains the lumbricals?

    <p>Layer 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of the abductor digiti minimi?

    <p>Abduct and flex the 5th MTPJ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure supports the tendons of the intrinsic muscles in the foot?

    <p>Fibrous flexor sheaths of toes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle assists in straightening the pull of the flexor digitorum longus?

    <p>Quadratus plantae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of the dorsal interossei muscles?

    <p>Flex and abduct the metatarsophalangeal joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament connects the calcaneus to the cuboid in the foot?

    <p>Short plantar ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the 'keystone' in arch support?

    <p>Prevents distortion of the arch under load</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles provides suspension support for the medial longitudinal arch?

    <p>Flexor hallucis longus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the plantar aponeurosis?

    <p>To anchor the skin to the skeleton and contain plantar tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures primarily contributes to the 'windlass effect'?

    <p>Plantar aponeurosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic differentiates the sole of the foot from the dorsum?

    <p>The sole is covered with thicker glaborous skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which arch does the cuboid serve as the keystone?

    <p>Lateral longitudinal arch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the medial and lateral plantar nerves originate from?

    <p>The tibial nerve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the anatomical significance of loculated fat pads in the plantar foot?

    <p>They prevent the rapid dissipation of stress during weightbearing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of arches in the foot?

    <p>Distribute weight across the foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a layer of muscles in the sole of the foot?

    <p>Superficial layer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure primarily provides the tiebeam support for the medial longitudinal arch?

    <p>Peroneus longus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The abductor hallucis muscle has which of the following actions?

    <p>Abducts and flexes the first metatarsophalangeal joint.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the deep transverse metatarsal ligament?

    <p>Links individual components of the transverse arch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament in the foot is primarily associated with the arches and weightbearing?

    <p>Plantar aponeurosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following arches of the foot is responsible for shock absorption?

    <p>All of the arches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure forms channels for the neurovascular components in the sole of the foot?

    <p>Plantar aponeurosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lateral plantar artery forms which important structure in the foot?

    <p>Plantar arch.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the foot do the muscles originate from the most proximal portion according to their layering?

    <p>Deep layer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Plantar Foot

    • The plantar foot is a complex structure
    • The plantar aspect of the foot is complex, so remember the important structures
    • The plantar foot has superficial structures, muscles in 4 layers, ligaments, and arches
    • The foot's sole has loculated fat pads that are specializations of the superficial fascia, with loose adipose connective tissue and fibrous septa containing fat
    • Loculated fat pads prevent dissipation of forces during weight-bearing
    • Loculated fat pads attach to the dermis superficially and bone or deep fascia (deep)
    • The foot's sole has muscles organized by compartments (medial, central, lateral and deep), and by 4 layers, from superficial to deep

    Plantar Aponeurosis

    • The plantar aponeurosis (thickening of deep fascia) is a dense fibrous connective tissue
    • It continues with deep fascia medially and laterally
    • Longitudinal septa in the aponeurosis form muscle compartment boundaries
    • Attachments of the aponeurosis include the medial tubercle of the calcaneus, and 5 slips to the bases of proximal phalanges
    • It also attaches to the longitudinal septa on the plantar aspect of tarsals and metatarsals
    • The function of the aponeurosis is to contain plantar tissues and anchor skin to the skeleton
    • Additionally, it forms pockets for the loculated fat pads and provides channels for neurovascular structures.

    Dorsum vs Sole

    • The dorsum of the foot has thin, mobile, hairy skin, making deeper structures easier to identify
    • The sole of the foot has thick, non-hairy (glabrous) skin
    • The sole has large numbers of nerve endings and sweat glands, making deeper structures hard to distinguish

    Layer 1 Muscles

    • Abductor hallucis (AbH)

    • Origin/insertion: medial calcaneal tuberosity/plantar aponeurosis, tendon to flexor hallucis longus

    • Action: abducts and flexes the 1st metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ)

    • Innervation: medial plantar nerve (n.)

    • Flexor digitorum brevis (FDB)

    • Origin/insertion: medial calcaneous tuberosity/plantar aponeurosis, divides into 4 tendons for lesser toes, divides into 2 slips either side of flexor digitorum longus (FDL), inserting into the intermediate phalanx

    • Action: flexes metatarsophalangeal (MPJ) and proximal interphalangeal (PIPJ) joints

    • Innervation: medial plantar (n.)

    • Abductor digiti minimi (AbDM)

    • Origin/insertion: medial/lateral calcaneal tuberosity, plantar aponeurosis, tendon grooves base 5th metatarsals, lateral base of proximal phalanx of 5th toe

    • Action: flexes and abducts the 5th MTPJ

    • Innervation: lateral plantar (n.)

    Layer 2 Muscles - Extrinsic

    • Flexor digitorum longus (FDL)
    • Flexor hallucis longus (FHL)
    • Tendinous slip between FDL and FHL

    Layer 2 Muscles - Intrinsic

    • Lumbricals.
    • Origin: FDL tendons
    • Insertion: base of proximal phalanx and extensor hood
    • Actions: flexes MPJ and extends IPJ's, stabilises proximal phalanges
    • Innervation: medial (1st) and lateral (2-4th) plantar nerve
    • Quadratus Plantae (QP) (flexor accessorius)
    • Origin: body of the calcaneus
    • Insertion: FDL tendon (lateral border)
    • Action: flex MPJ and IPJ's (straightens pull of FDL)
    • Innervation: lateral plantar (n.)

    Layer 3 Muscles

    • Flexor hallucis brevis (FHB)
    • Origin: plantar aspect midfoot
    • Insertion: base of 1st proximal phalanx via medial and lateral sesamoids
    • Action: flexes 1st MTPJ
    • Innervation: medial plantar (n.)
    • Flexor digiti minimi (FDM)
    • Origin: base of 5th metatarsal
    • Insertion: lateral base of 5th proximal phalanx
    • Action: flexes 5th MTPJ
    • Innervation: lateral plantar (n.)
    • Abductor hallucis
    • Origin: bases of 2-4 metatarsals (oblique head), 3-5 plantar plates (transverse head)
    • Insertion: base of 1st proximal phalanx via lateral sesamoid
    • Action: flex and adduct 1st MTPJ
    • Innervation: lateral plantar (n.)

    Layer 4 Muscles - Extrinsic

    • Peroneus longus
    • Groove cuboid to base 1st metatarsal
    • Synovial sheath
    • Tibialis posterior
    • Extensive insertion beyond navicular

    Layer 4 Muscles - Intrinsic

    • Plantar interossei (PI-O)
    • Origin: unipennate from shafts of 3-5 metatarsals
    • Insertion: base proximal phalanx and extensor hood (3-5 toes)
    • Action: flexes and adducts MPJ, extends IPJ’s
    • Innervation: lateral plantar (deep branch)
    • Dorsal interossei (DI-O)
    • Origin: bipennate from shafts of metatarsals
    • Insertion: base of proximal phalanx and extensor hood (2-4 toes)
    • Action: flexes and abducts MPJ, extends IPJ’s
    • Innervation: lateral plantar (deep branch)

    Foot Arches

    • Longitudinal arches (medial and lateral)
    • Transverse arch
    • Arches are supported by passive structures (bones, ligaments, fascia) and active structures (muscles)
    • Keystone support from the head of talus in the medial longitudinal arch
    • The cuboid is keystone support in the lateral longitudinal arch

    Ligaments of Sole

    • Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament ("spring" ligament)
    • Short plantar ligament
    • Long plantar ligament

    Functions of Arches

    • Weight distribution: posteriorly to calcaneus, anteriorly to metatarsal heads
    • Shock absorption, joints give some
    • Protection of muscles, nerves, and vessels

    Neurovascular Components

    • Plantar nerves (medial and lateral)
    • Plantar arteries (medial and lateral)

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    Plantar Foot Anatomy PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the complex anatomy of the plantar foot, including its superficial structures, muscles organized into layers, and the important role of loculated fat pads. Additionally, it covers the structure and function of the plantar aponeurosis. Test your knowledge on these critical components of foot anatomy.

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