L5 Foot and Ankle
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Questions and Answers

Which ligament is primarily responsible for stabilizing the subtalar joint?

  • Deltoid ligament (correct)
  • Calcaneofibular ligament
  • Anterior talofibular ligament
  • Posterior talofibular ligament

Which muscle is primarily responsible for dorsiflexion of the foot?

  • Tibialis anterior (correct)
  • Tibialis posterior
  • Soleus
  • Flexor hallucis longus

What is the primary function of the plantar arches in the foot?

  • Provide structural support and shock absorption (correct)
  • Facilitate nerve transmission
  • Aid in blood circulation
  • Enhance muscle attachment

Which nerve is primarily responsible for innervating most of the intrinsic muscles of the foot?

<p>Tibial nerve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which joint allows for inversion and eversion movements in the foot?

<p>Subtalar joint (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament is primarily responsible for stabilizing both the subtalar and talocalcaneonavicular joints?

<p>Interosseous talocalcaneal ligament (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which joint is primarily involved with the movement at the calcaneocuboid joint?

<p>Transverse Tarsal Joint (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament?

<p>Spring ligament (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ligaments is not involved in stabilizing the talocalcaneonavicular joint?

<p>Long Plantar ligament (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two bones articulate at the subtalar joint?

<p>Talus and calcaneus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of tendon sheaths?

<p>Reduce friction between tendons and surrounding structures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve innervates the extensor hallucis brevis muscle?

<p>Deep fibular nerve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles does the extensor digitorum brevis work closely with?

<p>Extensor digitorum longus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of the extensor hallucis brevis muscle?

<p>Lateral calcaneus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nerves provides cutaneous innervation to the skin on each side of the first interphalangeal space?

<p>Deep fibular nerve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of membrane do tendon sheaths contain?

<p>Synovial membranes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is classified as a part of the common fibular nerve?

<p>Superficial fibular nerve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the superficial fibular nerve?

<p>Cutaneous innervation of the dorsum of the foot (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the interossei muscles is true?

<p>There are four dorsal interossei and three plantar interossei muscles. (A), The second digit serves as the midline for interossei muscle actions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the extensor hood?

<p>To allow simultaneous extension at the PIP, DIP, and metatarsophalangeal joints. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is responsible for innervating all interossei muscles?

<p>Lateral plantar nerve. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical relationship of the posterior tibial artery as it passes the medial malleolus?

<p>It passes posterior to the medial malleolus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly lists the branches of the tibial nerve?

<p>Medial plantar nerve and lateral plantar nerve. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What terms describe the actions of the dorsal and plantar interossei muscles?

<p>DAB for dorsal abduct and PAD for plantar adduct. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure allows the extensor digitorum tendons to act on multiple joints?

<p>Extensor hood. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the posterior tibial artery and nerve initially travel through the leg?

<p>In fascia between superficial and deep posterior compartments. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is innervated by the medial plantar nerve?

<p>Flexor digitorum brevis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery forms the deep plantar arch in the foot?

<p>Lateral plantar artery (A), Dorsalis pedis artery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary ligament supporting the medial longitudinal arch?

<p>Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is NOT innervated by the lateral plantar nerve?

<p>Lumbrical 1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the plantar arteries is correct?

<p>The lateral plantar artery forms the deep plantar arch. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key function of the plantar aponeurosis?

<p>Protect underlying muscles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is correctly paired with its function?

<p>Flexor digitorum brevis - flexes the middle phalanges of the toes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures provides arch support in the foot?

<p>Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament (B), Plantar aponeurosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligaments are involved in the high ankle sprain?

<p>Anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature differentiates the talocrural joint's anterior and posterior regions?

<p>The posterior width of the talus is less than the anterior width (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In relation to the proximal tibiofibular joint, which statement is accurate?

<p>It involves the facet of the fibula and the lateral condyle of the tibia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the deltoid ligament at the talocrural joint?

<p>It prevents excessive medial movement of the ankle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the role of the distal tibiofibular joint?

<p>It allows limited motion for proper ankle articulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure plays the most significant role in the motion occurring at the subtalar joint?

<p>Calcaneus and talus articulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defining characteristic is associated with a grade 1 ankle sprain?

<p>Minor stretching of the ligament without instability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspects of the talocalcaneonavicular joint are correctly defined?

<p>It includes the navicular, head of talus, and calcaneus facets (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the interosseous membrane in the context of the proximal tibiofibular joint?

<p>It assists in distributing forces between the tibia and fibula (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ankle joint receives the widest anterior talus during dorsiflexion?

<p>Talocrural joint (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which joint type allows for the necessary movement of the wider anterior talus during dorsiflexion?

<p>Mortise joint (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which grade of ankle sprain typically involves partial tearing of the anterior talofibular ligament?

<p>Grade 2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of ankle injury does the stress view show involvement of both the anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments?

<p>Grade 2 sprain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What essential motion occurs at the subtalar joint that allows for inversion and eversion of the foot?

<p>Gliding and rotation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What surgical procedure is commonly performed to treat severe ankle fractures requiring internal fixation?

<p>Open reduction with internal fixation (ORIF) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of the talocrural joint contributes to its unique function during full dorsiflexion?

<p>Spreading of the distal tibiofibular joint (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature distinguishes a grade 3 ankle sprain from lower-grade injuries?

<p>Complete tear of ligaments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of tendon sheaths in the context of joint mechanics?

<p>Reducing friction between tendons and surrounding structures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament is least involved in the stabilization of the talocrural joint?

<p>Interosseous ligament (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the event of an ankle sprain, which type is characterized by a complete tear of ligaments with associated joint instability?

<p>Grade III ankle sprain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the primary function of the subtalar joint?

<p>Facilitates inversion and eversion movements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which surgical intervention is most commonly performed for fractures involving the ankle joint?

<p>Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament primarily supports the ankle during lateral sprains?

<p>Anterior talofibular ligament (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve provides the cutaneous innervation to the skin on each side of the first interphalangeal space?

<p>Deep fibular nerve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of the fibularis longus tendon is crucial for its interaction with the long plantar ligament?

<p>It passes deep to the long plantar ligament. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint are all intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints classified as?

<p>Flat synovial joints (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical structures are involved in stabilizing the metatarsophalangeal joints?

<p>Deep transverse metatarsal ligaments and plantar ligaments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the joint capsules in the intertarsal joints?

<p>Stabilize the joints by acting as capsular ligaments. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligaments are primarily involved in high ankle sprains?

<p>Anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do the sesamoid bones play in the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe?

<p>Enhance the leverage of muscle tendons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature characterizes the mechanism of the subtalar joint in the foot?

<p>Facilitates inversion and eversion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is essential for the surgical intervention of fractures around the ankle region?

<p>Extensor retinacula (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament serves as a major stabilizing structure for the talocrural joint?

<p>Deltoid ligament (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What prevents excessive foot dorsiflexion in the ankle joint?

<p>Strength of plantar ligaments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following motions primarily occurs at the talocrural joint?

<p>Plantarflexion (A), Dorsiflexion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates a grade 2 ankle sprain from a grade 1 sprain?

<p>Partial tearing of ligaments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament contributes significantly to the stability of the ankle joint during inversion?

<p>Calcaneofibular ligament (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the subtalar joint?

<p>Allowing inversion and eversion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which surgical intervention is typically performed for severe ankle fractures?

<p>Open reduction and internal fixation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament is not typically injured in a low ankle sprain?

<p>Deltoid ligament (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ligaments plays a critical role in stabilizing the subtalar joint?

<p>Interosseous talocalcaneal ligament (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the interosseous membrane play in the proximal tibiofibular joint?

<p>Acts as a stabilization structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of the talocrural joint is most affected during dorsiflexion?

<p>Height of the talus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ankle sprain is characterized by an injury primarily affecting the lateral ligaments?

<p>Lateral ankle sprain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary joint function provided by the talocalcaneonavicular joint?

<p>Inversion and eversion of the foot (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which joint provides the major articulation for the movement of the foot in relation to the leg?

<p>Talocrural joint (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is primarily involved in proprioception in the foot, especially surrounding the ankle joint?

<p>Tibial nerve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligaments are primarily involved in preventing excessive motion during a high ankle sprain?

<p>Anterior tibiofibular ligament and posterior tibiofibular ligament (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In surgical interventions for ankle fractures, which of the following structures is often stabilized to restore normal joint function?

<p>Deltoid ligament (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the long plantar ligament in the foot?

<p>Providing support to the lateral longitudinal arch (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which joint components are primarily involved in triplanar motion of the foot?

<p>Subtalar joint (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature is essential for increasing the surface area of contact between the talus and its adjacent bones?

<p>Subtalar joint facets (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament is primarily responsible for resisting excessive eversion of the foot?

<p>Deltoid ligament (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which surgical technique is typically used to realign a displaced ankle fracture?

<p>Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Arches of the foot

The three arches of the foot, which help distribute weight and provide stability, are the medial longitudinal arch, lateral longitudinal arch, and the transverse arch.

Subtalar and Transverse Tarsal Joints

The subtalar joint, located between the talus and calcaneus, allows for inversion and eversion movements of the foot. The transverse tarsal joint, positioned between the talus and calcaneus and the navicular and cuboid, is involved in dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of the foot.

Ankle Joint

The ankle joint, also known as the talocrural joint, is a hinge joint formed by the talus, tibia, and fibula. It allows for dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of the foot.

Muscles of the foot

The muscles of the foot can be divided into intrinsic and extrinsic muscles. Intrinsic foot muscles originate and insert within the foot, while extrinsic foot muscles originate outside the foot and insert within it.

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Vascular Supply of the Foot

The vascular supply of the foot is essential for blood flow and nutrient delivery to the tissues. It is mainly supplied by the posterior tibial artery, anterior tibial artery, and peroneal artery.

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Distal Tibiofibular Joint

The articulation between the distal ends of the tibia and fibula.

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Proximal Tibiofibular Joint

The articulation between the tibia and fibula just below the knee.

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Talocrural Joint

The articulation between the talus, tibia, and fibula, responsible for dorsiflexion and plantarflexion.

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Anterior Talofibular Ligament

The most commonly sprained ligament in the ankle, often injured in inversion injuries.

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Subtalar Joint

The articulation between the talus and calcaneus, responsible for inversion and eversion movements.

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Ankle Sprain

An injury to the ligaments of the ankle, often caused by a sudden twisting motion.

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Ankle Fracture

A fracture of the bones around the ankle, often treated with surgery.

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ORIF w/ Plate and Screws

A common surgical procedure for ankle fractures, involving the placement of a metal plate and screws.

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Talocalcaneonavicular Joint

The articulation between the talus, calcaneus, and navicular bones, contributing to complex foot movements.

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High Ankle Sprain

An injury characterized by stretching or tearing of the ligaments surrounding the ankle, particularly the tibiofibular ligaments.

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Interosseous Talocalcaneal Ligament

The ligament responsible for stabilizing both the subtalar and talocalcaneonavicular joints, preventing excessive movement.

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Calcaneocuboid Joint

The joint located between the calcaneus and cuboid bones, playing a significant role in foot stability during weight-bearing movements, along with the Talonavicular joint, it's part of the transverse Tarsal Joint.

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Stabilizing Ligaments of the Talocalcaneonavicular Joint

Strong ligaments that support the Talocalcaneonavicular joint, particularly the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament (Spring ligament) which is essential for supporting the medial longitudinal arch of the foot.

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Tendon Sheaths: What are they?

Synovial membranes that wrap around tendons, reducing friction during movement.

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Subcutaneous Tendons: What does it mean?

The tendons in the foot are located beneath the skin, which explains why we can see and feel them.

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Extensor Digitorum Longus: What does this muscle do?

This muscle extends the toes and is located on the top of the foot.

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Deep Fibular Nerve: What does it innervate?

This nerve innervates the muscles responsible for extending the big toe and the other toes.

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Superficial Fibular Nerve: What is its function?

The superficial fibular nerve supplies sensory innervation to the skin on the top of the foot.

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Dorsum of Foot: What nerves supply it?

The saphenous nerve and the superficial fibular nerve provide sensory innervation to the dorsum of the foot.

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Deep Fibular Nerve: What muscles does it innervate?

The deep fibular nerve innervates the extensor hallucis brevis and extensor digitorum brevis muscles, all contributing to toe extension.

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Dorsal Cutaneous Nerves: What is their role?

The dorsal cutaneous nerves, branches of the superficial fibular nerve, provide sensory innervation to the skin on the dorsum of the foot.

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Dorsal Interossei

A group of four muscles located in the foot responsible for abducting (moving away from the midline) the four lesser toes; innervated by the lateral plantar nerve.

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Plantar Interossei

Muscles located in the foot that are responsible for adducting (moving towards the midline) the toes; innervated by the lateral plantar nerve.

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Extensor Hood

A connective tissue structure located on the dorsal aspect of the toe, where the extensor tendons attach to the phalanges. This structure allows for simultaneous extension of the toes at all three joints.

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Tarsal tunnel

A specific location on the medial side of the ankle where tendons, nerves, and blood vessels pass through.

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Tibial nerve

The major nerve innervating the foot, branching into the medial and lateral plantar nerves after passing under the flexor retinaculum.

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Posterior tibial artery

The main artery supplying blood to the foot, branching into the medial and lateral plantar arteries.

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Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis

A muscle situated in the foot responsible for flexing the little toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint.

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Intrinsic foot muscles

The muscles of the foot that originate and insert within the foot.

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What muscles does medial plantar nerve innervate?

The medial plantar nerve innervates the muscles responsible for flexing and abducting the big toe, including the abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, flexor hallucis brevis, and the 1st lumbrical.

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What muscles does lateral plantar nerve innervate?

The lateral plantar nerve innervates muscles responsible for flexing the little toe and the other toes, as well as abducting the little toe and controlling the interossei muscles.

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What does the calcaneal branch of the sural nerve innervate?

The calcaneal branches of the sural nerve provide sensory innervation to the skin around the heel.

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What are dermatomes?

Dermatomes are areas of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve root. This means they are supplied by a specific nerve root from the spinal cord.

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Where does the medial plantar artery run, and what does it supply?

The medial plantar artery travels alongside the medial plantar nerve, supplying primarily the muscles of the big toe.

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Where does lateral plantar artery run, and what is its purpose?

The lateral plantar artery crosses the quadratus plantae muscle before finding its way between this muscle and the abductor digiti minimi muscle. It contributes to creating the deep plantar arch.

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How is the deep plantar arch formed, and what does it supply?

The deep plantar arch is formed by the deep plantar artery, a branch of the dorsalis pedis artery, and the lateral plantar artery. It then branches off into plantar metatarsal arteries that supply the toes.

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What supports the arches of the foot?

The arches of the foot are supported by ligaments including the short and long plantar ligaments, plantar calcaneonavicular ligament, and the plantar aponeurosis. Muscles play a minimal role in arch support during quiet standing.

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Anterior talus and dorsiflexion

The widest part of the talus is located at the front, while the back is narrower. This means the ankle needs to open up at the distal tibiofibular joint to allow the talus to move fully forward during dorsiflexion.

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What is a high ankle sprain?

A sprain of the tibiofibular ligaments, which are located at the high ankle. It can involve stretching or tearing of these ligaments.

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What is the most commonly sprained ligament in the ankle?

The ligaments of the ankle are often injured in inversion injuries, which are common in athletes. The anterior talofibular ligament is most frequently affected.

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What is ORIF?

A surgical procedure used to fix ankle fractures, involving the placement of a metal plate and screws to stabilize the broken bones.

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Medial Ligament of the Ankle

The medial ligament of the ankle is also known as the deltoid ligament. This strong ligament supports the medial side of the ankle joint.

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Lateral Ligaments of the Ankle

These ligaments support the lateral side of the ankle joint. The anterior talofibular ligament is the most commonly sprained ligament in the ankle, followed by the calcaneofibular ligament.

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Fibularis Longus Tendon Location

The fibularis longus tendon passes beneath the long plantar ligament.

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Intertarsal & Tarsometatarsal Joints

The intertarsal joints are located between adjacent tarsal bones, while tarsometatarsal joints connect the distal ends of tarsal bones to the bases of metatarsal bones.

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Intertarsal & Tarsometatarsal Joint Type

Intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints are classified as flat synovial joints. Their flat surfaces allow for gliding movements.

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Intertarsal Ligaments

Intertarsal ligaments are capsular, which means they are thickenings of the joint capsules that help stabilize the joints.

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Metatarsophalangeal Joint (MTP)

The metatarsophalangeal joint (MTP) is found between the heads of metatarsal bones and the bases of proximal phalanges.

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Sesamoid Bones in MTP

Two sesamoid bones are present on the plantar surface of the great toe metatarsal head. These bones act as pulleys to improve muscle leverage.

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Dorsum of Foot Venous Supply

The dorsum of the foot is supplied by the dorsal venous arch, which connects the great saphenous vein medially and the small saphenous vein laterally.

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Extensor Retinacula

The extensor retinacula are thickened areas of crural fascia that help hold extensor tendons against the bone.

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Deep Transverse Metatarsal Ligament

The deep transverse metatarsal ligaments connect the metatarsals, providing stability to the transverse arch of the foot.

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Plantar Ligaments

Plantar ligaments, located on the sole of the foot, are crucial for supporting the arches of the foot and stabilizing the joints.

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What is the ankle joint?

The ankle joint is also known as the talocrural joint. It is a hinge joint formed by the articulation of the talus with the tibia and fibula. This joint allows for dorsiflexion and plantarflexion movements of the foot, which are crucial for walking, running, and other activities.

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What is the subtalar joint?

The subtalar joint is located between the talus and calcaneus bones. It is responsible for inversion and eversion movements of the foot, allowing the foot to turn inward and outward.

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What is the transverse tarsal joint?

The transverse tarsal joint connects the talus and calcaneus bones with the navicular and cuboid bones. It participates in dorsiflexion and plantarflexion movements.

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What is the distal tibiofibular joint?

The distal tibiofibular joint is located between the distal ends of the tibia and fibula. It helps to stabilize the ankle joint and prevent excessive movement.

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What is the proximal tibiofibular joint?

The proximal tibiofibular joint is located just below the knee, between the proximal ends of the tibia and fibula. Like the distal joint, it also helps to stabilize the ankle joint.

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What are the arches of the foot?

The three arches of the foot provide support and distribute weight evenly. The medial longitudinal arch is the highest arch and runs along the inside of the foot. The lateral longitudinal arch is lower and runs along the outer side of the foot. The transverse arch is located across the middle of the foot.

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What does the medial plantar nerve innervate?

The medial plantar nerve is a branch of the tibial nerve, which travels along the medial aspect of the foot. It mainly supplies the flexor and abductor muscles of the big toe, including the abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, and flexor hallucis brevis.

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What does the lateral plantar nerve innervate?

The lateral plantar nerve is also a branch of the tibial nerve. It travels along the lateral aspect of the foot, responsible for innervating the muscles that flex and abduct the little toe, as well as the interossei muscles.

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How is the deep plantar arch formed?

The deep plantar arch is formed by the junction of the deep plantar artery (branch of the dorsalis pedis artery) and the lateral plantar artery. It supplies blood to the toes, providing vital nourishment to their tissues.

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What is the posterior tibial artery?

The posterior tibial artery is the main artery supplying blood to the foot. It branches into the medial and lateral plantar arteries, which then supply blood to the different structures of the foot.

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Talocrural Joint (Ankle Joint)

The articulation between the talus, tibia, and fibula, allowing for dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of the foot.

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ORIF (Open Reduction and Internal Fixation)

A surgical procedure used to fix ankle fractures, involving the placement of a metal plate and screws to stabilize the broken bones.

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What are tendon sheaths?

Synovial membranes that wrap around tendons, reducing friction.

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What are subcutaneous tendons?

Tendons located beneath the skin, making them visible and palpable.

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What is the Extensor Digitorum Longus muscle's function?

Extends the toes; located on the top of the foot.

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What does the Deep Fibular Nerve innervate?

Innervates extensor muscles of the big toe and other toes.

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What is the function of Superficial Fibular Nerve?

Provides sensory innervation to the skin on the top of the foot.

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What nerves supply the Dorsum of the Foot?

The Saphenous and Superficial Fibular nerves.

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What muscles does the Deep Fibular Nerve innervate?

It innervates the Extensor Hallucis Brevis & Extensor Digitorum Brevis muscles.

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Study Notes

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Ankle and Foot Lecture 5

  • Objectives: Describe the bony structure, including arches, subtalar and transverse tarsal joints. Identify ligamentous structures, muscles (attachment, nerve supply, and function), vascular, and nerve supply of the foot. Also, identify muscles and cutaneous regions supplied by nerves.

  • Ankle Motions: Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion occur at talocrural joints. Inversion and eversion occur at subtalar and talocalcaneonavicular joints.

  • Proximal Tibiofibular Joint: Lateral condyle of tibia, facet on head of fibula, tibiofibular ligaments, and interosseous membrane are key anatomical structures.

  •  Distal Tibiofibular Joint: Includes the anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments. High ankle sprains can involve tearing or stretching of these ligaments.

  •  Talocrural Joint - Anterior: This joint is described as an anatomical "mortise," based on the superior trochlear surface of the talus, and the relationship of tibia and fibula. 

  •  Talocrural Joint - Posterior: The posterior width of the talus is smaller than the anterior width. The anterior talus slips into the ankle mortise during dorsiflexion. The distal tibiofibular joint is separated in order for the wider anterior talus to be accommodated.

  • Talocrural Joint (images): Medial and lateral malleolus, and talus are key anatomical structures in images.

  • Medial Ligament (Deltoid Ligament): This ligament (aka deltoid ligament) is a key structure in the provided images.

  • Lateral Ligaments: This section discusses the critical anterior, calcaneofibular, and posterior talofibular ligaments.

  •  Ankle Sprains: Grade 1 (stretched), Grade 2 (partial tear), and Grade 3 (ruptured) sprains are distinguished by the severity of ligament damage. Anterior talofibular ligament is the most common sprain.

  •  Ankle Fracture: Treatment options such as ORIF (Open Reduction Internal Fixation) with plates and screws are mentioned. The image shows an ankle fracture with plates and screws.

  •  Subtalar and Talocalcaneonavicular Joints: These are depicted in anatomical drawing images.

  •  Talocalcaneonavicular Joint: Its stabilizing ligaments and facets are detailed.

  •  Subtalar Joint: Includes interosseous talocalcaneal ligament.

  • Talonavicular & Calcaneocuboid Joints: Key structures for foot function, depicted in images.

  • Calcaneocuboid Joint: Fibularis longus tendon passes deep to long plantar ligament, supports the arch. Various plantar ligaments are detailed in relation to supporting the arch.

  • Intertarsal Joints: Articulations between adjacent tarsal bones.

  • Tarsometatarsal Joints: Joints of tarsal and metatarsal bones, depicted in images.

  • Intertarsal Ligaments: Capsule thickenings attaching to adjacent tarsal bones.

  • Metatarsophalangeal Joints (MTPs): The heads of metatarsal bones, bases of phalanges, deep transverse metatarsal ligaments, and plantar ligaments are shown in the accompanying visuals.

  • Interphalangeal Joints: Collateral and plantar ligaments (in images), metatarsophalangeal joints.

  • Dorsum of Foot Arteries are described: dorsalis pedis, deep plantar, and deep plantar arch (in imagery).

  • Dorsum of Foot Venous Arch includes the great and small saphenous veins (represented in diagrams).

  • Dorsum of Foot Extensor Retinacula are coverings of crural fascia that hold tendons against bones.

  • Subcutaneous Tendons in Foot: Locations and attachments for specific tendons are diagrammed.

  • Dorsum of Foot Cutaneous nerves (superficial fibular and deep fibular nerves.)

  • Plantar Foot: Cutaneous nerves, including medial plantar, lateral plantar nerves, and their relationships to major tendons.

  • Plantar Aponeurosis: An important anatomical structure (diagrammed) that provides support and flexibility to the foot

  • Plantar Muscles: Described in layers, highlighting origins, insertions, and actions of key muscles (detailed in diagrams).

  • Medial and Lateral Plantar Arteries: Paths and branches are illustrated, along with supplying the great toe and other foot regions.

  •  Plantar Arteries Organization: Deep plantar arch is formed by the deep plantar artery.

  • Arch Support (Foot): The components of the arches, including ligaments and muscles are discussed. 

  • Arches of Foot (images & text): These images show medial longitudinal, lateral longitudinal, and transverse arches, with ligamentous support structures detailed.

  •  Foot and Ankle (images): Triple Arthrodesis refers to a surgical fusion of foot joints.  Diagram and X-ray show the procedure.

  •  Practice Question: A puncture wound to the lateral plantar surface of the foot (likely cutting the lateral plantar nerve) may cause loss of sensation on the plantar surface of the great toe, as indicated in the question.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the anatomy and biomechanics of the foot and ankle. This quiz covers the ligaments, muscles, joints, and innervation involved in foot movement. Perfect for students of anatomy or physical therapy.

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