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Questions and Answers
What is the function of the esophagus?
What is the function of the esophagus?
- Production of digestive enzymes
- Storage of bile
- Absorption of nutrients
- Passage of food and drink (correct)
Which part of the body connects the mouth to the esophagus?
Which part of the body connects the mouth to the esophagus?
- Glottis
- Oropharynx (correct)
- Larynx
- Epiglottis
What causes reflux esophagitis?
What causes reflux esophagitis?
- Consumption of dairy products
- Poorly protected stomach epithelium (correct)
- Excess intake of vitamin C
- Ingestion of large amounts of water
What condition may be mistakenly thought to be a heart attack due to its intense pain posterior to the sternum?
What condition may be mistakenly thought to be a heart attack due to its intense pain posterior to the sternum?
Who is most likely to experience reflux esophagitis?
Who is most likely to experience reflux esophagitis?
Which factor can exacerbate the symptoms in individuals affected by reflux esophagitis?
Which factor can exacerbate the symptoms in individuals affected by reflux esophagitis?
What is the role of the tactile sensory receptors around the fauces during the swallowing reflex?
What is the role of the tactile sensory receptors around the fauces during the swallowing reflex?
What prevents ingested material from entering the trachea during swallowing?
What prevents ingested material from entering the trachea during swallowing?
What is the function of the soft palate and uvula during the swallowing reflex?
What is the function of the soft palate and uvula during the swallowing reflex?
Why is a breath not taken during swallowing?
Why is a breath not taken during swallowing?
What causes swallowed material to move from the pharynx into the esophagus?
What causes swallowed material to move from the pharynx into the esophagus?
What is the duration of the pharyngeal phase during swallowing?
What is the duration of the pharyngeal phase during swallowing?
What is one of the most surprising changes noted following surgery?
What is one of the most surprising changes noted following surgery?
What is the purpose of gastric folds in the stomach lining?
What is the purpose of gastric folds in the stomach lining?
Which structure extends inferiorly from the greater curvature of the stomach?
Which structure extends inferiorly from the greater curvature of the stomach?
What is the purpose of the stress-relaxation response in the stomach wall?
What is the purpose of the stress-relaxation response in the stomach wall?
Which smooth muscle response occurs after a prolonged stretch?
Which smooth muscle response occurs after a prolonged stretch?
What endorsement does the International Diabetes Foundation give regarding gastric bypass surgery?
What endorsement does the International Diabetes Foundation give regarding gastric bypass surgery?
What is the primary function of smooth muscle activity in the stomach wall?
What is the primary function of smooth muscle activity in the stomach wall?
Which hormone enters the blood instead of the lumen of the stomach?
Which hormone enters the blood instead of the lumen of the stomach?
What is the consistency of chyme?
What is the consistency of chyme?
Which cells produce somatostatin, a hormone that modulates nearby cells?
Which cells produce somatostatin, a hormone that modulates nearby cells?
What occurs during gastric emptying in the stomach?
What occurs during gastric emptying in the stomach?
How does gastric mixing contribute to digestion?
How does gastric mixing contribute to digestion?
What stimulates contraction of the pyloric sphincter to slow stomach emptying?
What stimulates contraction of the pyloric sphincter to slow stomach emptying?
Which phase of digestion involves processes following chyme reaching the small intestine?
Which phase of digestion involves processes following chyme reaching the small intestine?
What hormone is released by the duodenum primarily in response to fatty chyme?
What hormone is released by the duodenum primarily in response to fatty chyme?
Which reflex protects the small intestine from being overloaded with chyme?
Which reflex protects the small intestine from being overloaded with chyme?
What causes a decrease in nerve signals relayed to the medulla oblongata in the intestinal phase?
What causes a decrease in nerve signals relayed to the medulla oblongata in the intestinal phase?
What hormone causes a decrease in stomach motility in response to fatty chyme in the small intestine?
What hormone causes a decrease in stomach motility in response to fatty chyme in the small intestine?
What initiates sensory nerve signals to the salivary nuclei when one eats spoiled food?
What initiates sensory nerve signals to the salivary nuclei when one eats spoiled food?
What leads to a more viscous saliva by decreasing the water content during exercise or excitement?
What leads to a more viscous saliva by decreasing the water content during exercise or excitement?
What results in additional saliva being released into the oral cavity?
What results in additional saliva being released into the oral cavity?
What is the possible cause of bad breath (halitosis) and dental problems when one has a dry mouth?
What is the possible cause of bad breath (halitosis) and dental problems when one has a dry mouth?
What is another term for chewing in the oral cavity?
What is another term for chewing in the oral cavity?
What decreases the fluid added to saliva by constricting blood vessels in the salivary gland?
What decreases the fluid added to saliva by constricting blood vessels in the salivary gland?
What is the main function of the esophagus?
What is the main function of the esophagus?
What is a characteristic feature of reflux esophagitis?
What is a characteristic feature of reflux esophagitis?
Which factor is NOT associated with an increased risk of reflux esophagitis?
Which factor is NOT associated with an increased risk of reflux esophagitis?
What type of muscle tissue makes up the wall of the esophagus?
What type of muscle tissue makes up the wall of the esophagus?
Why is reflux esophagitis more commonly seen in individuals with hiatal hernias?
Why is reflux esophagitis more commonly seen in individuals with hiatal hernias?
What distinguishes the esophageal epithelium from the stomach epithelium in terms of protection against acidic contents?
What distinguishes the esophageal epithelium from the stomach epithelium in terms of protection against acidic contents?
What is one of the surprising changes noted following surgery?
What is one of the surprising changes noted following surgery?
What is the function of the gastric folds in the stomach lining?
What is the function of the gastric folds in the stomach lining?
Which structure covers the anterior surface of abdominal organs like a fatty apron?
Which structure covers the anterior surface of abdominal organs like a fatty apron?
What is the characteristic response of smooth muscle to a prolonged stretch in the stomach wall?
What is the characteristic response of smooth muscle to a prolonged stretch in the stomach wall?
What endorsement does the International Diabetes Foundation give regarding gastric bypass surgery?
What endorsement does the International Diabetes Foundation give regarding gastric bypass surgery?
What is a function of the serous membrane known as the lesser omentum?
What is a function of the serous membrane known as the lesser omentum?
What is the primary function of parietal cells in the stomach?
What is the primary function of parietal cells in the stomach?
Which cells in the stomach produce gastric lipase?
Which cells in the stomach produce gastric lipase?
What is the role of chief cells in the stomach?
What is the role of chief cells in the stomach?
What is the primary function of gastric emptying?
What is the primary function of gastric emptying?
What facilitates the movement of chyme through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum?
What facilitates the movement of chyme through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum?
How does the pyloric sphincter prevent chyme from moving back into the stomach after gastric emptying?
How does the pyloric sphincter prevent chyme from moving back into the stomach after gastric emptying?
What is the primary function of the mucus layer produced by mucous cells in the stomach?
What is the primary function of the mucus layer produced by mucous cells in the stomach?
Why is pepsinogen activated into pepsin in the stomach?
Why is pepsinogen activated into pepsin in the stomach?
Where are mucous neck cells located in relation to the gastric pit?
Where are mucous neck cells located in relation to the gastric pit?
Which type of cells release an alkaline mucin to coat the epithelial lining in the stomach?
Which type of cells release an alkaline mucin to coat the epithelial lining in the stomach?
What is the main function of chief cells in the stomach glands?
What is the main function of chief cells in the stomach glands?
How do mucous neck cells differ from surface mucous cells in terms of mucus production?
How do mucous neck cells differ from surface mucous cells in terms of mucus production?
What enzyme in saliva initiates the chemical digestion of starch?
What enzyme in saliva initiates the chemical digestion of starch?
Which structure provides lubrication to facilitate swallowing by secreting mucus in the superior part of the pharynx?
Which structure provides lubrication to facilitate swallowing by secreting mucus in the superior part of the pharynx?
What is the term for the wet mass formed when saliva mixes with ingested materials in the oral cavity?
What is the term for the wet mass formed when saliva mixes with ingested materials in the oral cavity?
In which part of the upper gastrointestinal tract is the bolus mixed with gastric secretions?
In which part of the upper gastrointestinal tract is the bolus mixed with gastric secretions?
Which organ transports the bolus from the pharynx through itself into the stomach?
Which organ transports the bolus from the pharynx through itself into the stomach?
What initiates mastication, the process of mechanical digestion, in the oral cavity?
What initiates mastication, the process of mechanical digestion, in the oral cavity?
What is the primary effect of secretin on the stomach?
What is the primary effect of secretin on the stomach?
Which hormone primarily regulates the release of insulin in response to increased glucose concentration in the small intestine?
Which hormone primarily regulates the release of insulin in response to increased glucose concentration in the small intestine?
What is the revised name for the hormone initially believed to regulate stomach activity but is now thought to primarily regulate insulin release?
What is the revised name for the hormone initially believed to regulate stomach activity but is now thought to primarily regulate insulin release?
What do both secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK) inhibit?
What do both secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK) inhibit?
In what specific section are the details about gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin (CCK) hormones discussed?
In what specific section are the details about gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin (CCK) hormones discussed?
What was the initial belief about the hormone released from the small intestine called gastric inhibitory peptide?
What was the initial belief about the hormone released from the small intestine called gastric inhibitory peptide?
What type of epithelium is found in the stomach mucosa?
What type of epithelium is found in the stomach mucosa?
Which cells in the stomach mucosa are often replaced within a week?
Which cells in the stomach mucosa are often replaced within a week?
What structures extend deep into the mucosa from the base of each gastric pit?
What structures extend deep into the mucosa from the base of each gastric pit?
Which part of the stomach lining is indented by numerous depressions called gastric pits?
Which part of the stomach lining is indented by numerous depressions called gastric pits?
What surrounds the gastric glands and helps expel their secretions when it contracts?
What surrounds the gastric glands and helps expel their secretions when it contracts?
Which characteristic feature of the stomach wall contributes to digestion by containing invaginations within the mucosa?
Which characteristic feature of the stomach wall contributes to digestion by containing invaginations within the mucosa?
What physiological responses occur prior to vomiting?
What physiological responses occur prior to vomiting?
What is the primary force for the expulsion of digestive tract contents during vomiting?
What is the primary force for the expulsion of digestive tract contents during vomiting?
Why is it critical for individuals undergoing surgical procedures to have an empty stomach and small intestine?
Why is it critical for individuals undergoing surgical procedures to have an empty stomach and small intestine?
What can extensive vomiting lead to?
What can extensive vomiting lead to?
What happens as pressure increases in the stomach during vomiting?
What happens as pressure increases in the stomach during vomiting?
What region of the brain controls the vomiting reflex?
What region of the brain controls the vomiting reflex?
What allows the stomach to expand greatly when filled with food and drink?
What allows the stomach to expand greatly when filled with food and drink?
Which smooth muscle response is a characteristic response of the stomach wall to a prolonged stretch?
Which smooth muscle response is a characteristic response of the stomach wall to a prolonged stretch?
What is the term for the structure extending inferiorly from the greater curvature of the stomach?
What is the term for the structure extending inferiorly from the greater curvature of the stomach?
Which organization now endorses gastric bypass surgery for treatment of type 2 diabetes?
Which organization now endorses gastric bypass surgery for treatment of type 2 diabetes?
What is an additional term for the serous membrane that forms a fatty apron over abdominal organs?
What is an additional term for the serous membrane that forms a fatty apron over abdominal organs?
What is one of the most surprising changes noted following surgery as mentioned in the text?
What is one of the most surprising changes noted following surgery as mentioned in the text?
Study Notes
Pharynx and Esophagus
- The pharynx connects the mouth to the esophagus, and the esophagus is a muscular tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach.
- The esophagus is normally collapsed and functions in the passage of food and drink.
- The esophagus has three tunics in its wall.
Reflux Esophagitis and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
- Reflux esophagitis is an inflammation of the esophagus caused by backflow of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus.
- It is commonly known as heartburn and is more frequent in overweight individuals, smokers, and people with hiatal hernias.
- Eating spicy foods or ingesting too much caffeine can exacerbate the symptoms.
Swallowing Reflex
- The swallowing reflex is initiated by the arrival of the bolus at the entryway to the oropharynx.
- The bolus stimulates tactile sensory receptors around the fauces, which initiate nerve signals to the swallowing center in the medulla oblongata.
- The response includes elevation of the soft palate and uvula, elevation of the larynx, and sequential contraction of the pharyngeal constrictors.
Stomach Structure
- The internal stomach lining is composed of numerous gastric folds, or rugae, which allow the stomach to expand greatly when filling with food and drink.
- The stomach is able to accommodate varying quantities of food due to the stress-relax response of the smooth muscle in the stomach wall.
Gastric Secretions
- The stomach has two serous membrane structures: the greater omentum and the lesser omentum.
- The stomach lining has a simple columnar epithelium supported by lamina propria, with numerous gastric pits and gastric glands.
- The gastric glands produce and secrete various substances, including pepsinogen, gastric lipase, and intrinsic factor.
Gastric Emptying
- Gastric emptying is the movement of acidic chyme from the stomach into the duodenum of the small intestine.
- The process is facilitated by the progressive thickening of the muscularis layer in the pyloric region.
- The pyloric sphincter closes after the peristaltic wave has moved past, and the process is repeated to empty the chyme into the duodenum.
Hormonal Regulation
- Gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin (CCK) are hormones that regulate the digestive process.
- Gastrin stimulates the release of gastric acid and pepsin.
- Secretin and CCK inhibit the release of gastrin and decrease stomach motility.
- Secretin causes the release of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juices and stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder.
Intestinal Phase
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The intestinal phase involves the processes following the chyme reaching the small intestine.
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The intestinal reflex opposes the other two reflexes (cephalic and gastric reflexes) and protects the small intestine from being overloaded with chyme.
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The release of cholecystokinin and secretin is stimulated by the entry of acidic chyme into the duodenum.### Vomiting Reflex
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The vomiting reflex is controlled by the vomiting center in the medulla oblongata.
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It responds to head injury, motion sickness, infection, toxicity, or food irritation in the stomach and intestines.
Physiological Changes Prior to Vomiting
- Heart rate and sweating increase, nausea is felt, and saliva production increases.
Vomiting Mechanism
- Vomiting is initiated following a deep inspiration and the closure of nasal cavities.
- Skeletal muscle contraction (abdominal muscles and diaphragm) increases pressure within the stomach.
- The acidic gastric contents are forced into and through the esophagus and out of the oral cavity.
Complications of Vomiting
- Aspiration of vomit into the respiratory tract is a risk for semiconscious or unconscious individuals.
- Vomiting causes increased formation of HCl, leading to increased HCO3− in the blood, raising blood pH.
- Extensive vomiting can lead to metabolic alkalosis.
Gastric Anatomy
- The internal stomach lining is composed of numerous gastric folds, or rugae, which allow the stomach to expand greatly when it fills with food and drink.
- The stomach is able to accommodate varying quantities of food due to the stress-relax response exhibited by the smooth muscle within the stomach wall.
Associated Structures
- Two serous membranes structures are associated with the stomach: the greater omentum and the lesser omentum.
- The greater omentum extends inferiorly from the greater curvature of the stomach, forming the fatty apron that covers the anterior surface of abdominal organs.
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Description
Learn about the structure and function of the esophagus, including its connection to the mouth and stomach. Explore the layers of the esophageal wall through a photomicrograph of a transverse section.
