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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the follicular cells in the thyroid gland?
What is the primary function of the follicular cells in the thyroid gland?
- Produce calcitonin to regulate calcium metabolism
- Produce reticulin fibers for connective tissue
- Form cords that emit thin trabeculae
- Produce T3 and T4 hormones to regulate basal metabolism (correct)
Where are the parafollicular cells located within the thyroid gland?
Where are the parafollicular cells located within the thyroid gland?
- Surrounding a central cavity (correct)
- Resting on a basement membrane
- Forming cords that emit thin trabeculae
- Joining the two lobes at the posterior pole
From which embryonic germ layer is the thyroid gland derived?
From which embryonic germ layer is the thyroid gland derived?
- Endoderm (correct)
- Mesoderm
- Ectoderm
- Neurectoderm
What is the shape of the thyroid gland?
What is the shape of the thyroid gland?
What is the main reason chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla are called chromaffin cells?
What is the main reason chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla are called chromaffin cells?
Which type of glandular cells in the adrenal medulla contain large, spherical nuclei and numerous secretory granules with an electrodense nucleus?
Which type of glandular cells in the adrenal medulla contain large, spherical nuclei and numerous secretory granules with an electrodense nucleus?
What stimulates the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla to secrete adrenaline and norepinephrine to capillaries?
What stimulates the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla to secrete adrenaline and norepinephrine to capillaries?
What are the main actions of adrenaline and norepinephrine when secreted by the adrenal medulla?
What are the main actions of adrenaline and norepinephrine when secreted by the adrenal medulla?
Which organ regulates the activity of the adrenal medulla through sympathetic endings of the splanchnic nerves?
Which organ regulates the activity of the adrenal medulla through sympathetic endings of the splanchnic nerves?
What is the role of sympathetic ganglion cells in the adrenal medulla?
What is the role of sympathetic ganglion cells in the adrenal medulla?
What characteristic differentiates cells that produce epinephrine (adrenaline) from norepinephrine (noradrenaline) producing cells in the adrenal medulla?
What characteristic differentiates cells that produce epinephrine (adrenaline) from norepinephrine (noradrenaline) producing cells in the adrenal medulla?
What is the function of numerous sinusoid capillaries in the adrenal glands?
What is the function of numerous sinusoid capillaries in the adrenal glands?
Which cells in the thyroid gland produce calcitonin in response to high calcium levels?
Which cells in the thyroid gland produce calcitonin in response to high calcium levels?
What do the parathyroid glands produce to increase calcium levels in the blood?
What do the parathyroid glands produce to increase calcium levels in the blood?
Where is the location of the adrenal glands?
Where is the location of the adrenal glands?
What do the chief cells in the parathyroid glands produce?
What do the chief cells in the parathyroid glands produce?
What is the name of the glycoprotein that stores thyroid hormones T3 and T4 in the thyroid follicles?
What is the name of the glycoprotein that stores thyroid hormones T3 and T4 in the thyroid follicles?
Which hormone is produced by the adrenal glands in response to stress and low blood glucose levels?
Which hormone is produced by the adrenal glands in response to stress and low blood glucose levels?
What is the function of thyroid peroxidase in the synthesis of thyroid hormones?
What is the function of thyroid peroxidase in the synthesis of thyroid hormones?
What are the two thyroid hormones secreted into the blood by follicular cells?
What are the two thyroid hormones secreted into the blood by follicular cells?
What is the role of oxyphil cells in some species of parathyroid glands?
What is the role of oxyphil cells in some species of parathyroid glands?
What is the function of parathormone produced by the parathyroid glands?
What is the function of parathormone produced by the parathyroid glands?
What are the morphological differences in thyroid follicles based on?
What are the morphological differences in thyroid follicles based on?
Which part of the adrenal gland is of mesodermal origin?
Which part of the adrenal gland is of mesodermal origin?
Which zone of the cortex is the site of mineralocorticoid production?
Which zone of the cortex is the site of mineralocorticoid production?
Which hormone is primarily produced in the fascicular zone of the adrenal cortex?
Which hormone is primarily produced in the fascicular zone of the adrenal cortex?
What type of cells is predominant in the reticular zone of the adrenal cortex?
What type of cells is predominant in the reticular zone of the adrenal cortex?
What is the primary function of the adrenal medulla?
What is the primary function of the adrenal medulla?
Which layer in the adrenal cortex is the largest?
Which layer in the adrenal cortex is the largest?
What is the composition of the stroma in the adrenal gland?
What is the composition of the stroma in the adrenal gland?
Where are reserve cells located in the adrenal gland?
Where are reserve cells located in the adrenal gland?
Which type of tissue produces sex hormones in the adrenal cortex?
Which type of tissue produces sex hormones in the adrenal cortex?
What is the color description of the cortex and medulla in the adrenal gland?
What is the color description of the cortex and medulla in the adrenal gland?
What physiological functions are regulated by the adrenal gland?
What physiological functions are regulated by the adrenal gland?
Study Notes
- The adrenal gland is composed of a cortex (70-80% of the volume) and a medulla (20-30% of the volume).
- The cortex is brownish-reddish in color and of mesodermal origin, while the medulla is greyish and neuroectodermal.
- The stroma is a thin capsule of dense connective tissue that occasionally emits fine trabeculae, with reserve cells in the capsule.
- The cortex is divided into three zones: glomerular, fascicular, and reticular.
- The glomerular zone (arcuate or zona glomerulosa) consists of irregular cords of cells with a columnar morphology, abundant SER, and is the site of mineralocorticoid production (aldosterone).
- The fascicular zone (zona fasciculata) is the largest of the three layers, with cuboidal cells that form spongy tissue and produce glucocorticoids (cortisol, cortisone, and corticosterone).
- The reticular zone (zona reticularis) consists of irregular cords of smaller polyhedral cells with a more pyknotic nucleus and less lipid vacuoles, which produce sex hormones (androgens, estrogens, and progesterone).
- The adrenal medulla is located in the central portion of the gland, is smaller than the cortex, and produces catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine).
- The adrenal gland is essential for life, producing steroid hormones through cholesterol and regulating various physiological functions, such as blood volume and electrolyte balance, metabolism, and inflammation.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the anatomical structure of endocrine glands in the human body, including the division of parenchyma into cortex and medulla, the composition of stroma, and other related concepts.
