16 Questions
What is the consequence of blood entering the eyelids through the emissary veins?
Black eye
Which branch of the facial nerve supplies the occipital bellies of the occipito-frontalis muscle?
Posterior auricular branch
Where does the orbital part of the orbicularis oculi muscle originate?
Medial palpebral ligament
What action is performed by the frontal bellies of the occipito-frontalis muscle?
Raising the eyebrows and producing transverse wrinkles
Which boundary of the face is defined by the lower border of the mandible?
Inferiorly
What is the primary function of the palpebral part of the orbicularis oculi muscle?
Closes the eyelids gently as in blinking
Where is the lacrimal gland located?
Superior lateral part of the orbital cavity
What action does the occipital belly of the occipito-frontalis muscle perform?
Pulls the scalp backwards
What forms the outermost layer of the scalp?
Skin
Which layer of the scalp contains arteries, veins, nerves, and lymphatics?
Connective tissue
Which layer of the scalp is a thin, tendon-like structure connecting the occipitalis and frontalis muscles?
Aponeurosis
Which structures are bound together to form a single unit in the scalp?
The first three layers
What is the clinical relevance of the connective tissue layer in the scalp?
Wounds in this layer do not gap and cause profuse bleeding
Which structures does the loose areolar tissue layer separate?
The aponeurosis and pericranium
What is a significant characteristic of wounds that reach the epicranial aponeurosis layer?
They gap due to muscle contraction
Which of the following is the outer layer of the skull bones?
Pericranium
Study Notes
Layers of the Scalp
- The scalp consists of 5 layers, which can be remembered using the word "SCALP"
- S: Skin (thick, hairy, with sebaceous and sweat glands)
- C: Connective tissue (containing arteries, veins, nerves, and lymphatics)
- A: Aponeurosis (a thin, tendon-like structure connecting occipitalis and frontalis muscles)
- L: Loose areolar tissue (a thin connective tissue layer between the periosteum and epicranial aponeurosis)
- P: Pericranium (the outer layer of the skull bones)
Clinical Relevance of the Scalp
- Connective tissue layer:
- Dense, richly vascularized and innervated
- Contains septa that connect this layer with the layers above and below
- Wounds do not gape, but may cause profuse bleeding due to adherence of artery walls to connective tissue septa
- Aponeurosis:
- A strong, fibrous sheet
- Wounds reaching this layer gape due to muscle contraction
- Loose connective tissue layer:
- Continuous with the eyelids anteriorly
- Considered the "dangerous layer" due to emissary veins that can spread infection from the scalp to the cranial cavity
- May cause a "black eye" if infected
Muscles of the Face
- Occipito-frontalis muscle:
- Composed of frontal and occipital bellies
- Originates from the skin of the eyebrows (frontal bellies) and the highest nuchal line (occipital bellies)
- Inserts into the epicranial aponeurosis
- Actions: pulls the scalp forward and raises the eyebrows (frontal bellies), and pulls the scalp backward (occipital bellies)
- Nerve supply: temporal branch of the facial nerve (frontal bellies) and posterior auricular branch of the facial nerve (occipital bellies)
Boundaries of the Face
- Superiorly: the hair margin
- Inferiorly: the lower border of the mandible
- Sideways: from one auricle to the other
- The forehead is common to both scalp and face
- The face has no deep fascia except over the parotid and buccinator muscles
Muscles of Facial Expression
- Orbicularis oculi:
- Composed of orbital, palpebral, and lacrimal parts
- Actions: closes the eyelids tightly (orbital part), closes the eyelids gently (palpebral part), and dilates the lacrimal sac (lacrimal part)
- Supplied by temporal and zygomatic branches of the facial nerve (7th cranial nerve)
Lacrimal Apparatus
- Consists of:
- Lacrimal gland (secretes tears) and its excretory ducts
- Lacrimal punctum (opening) and canaliculi (convey tears to the surface of the eye)
- Located in the lacrimal fossa (superior lateral part of the orbital cavity)
This quiz covers the structures and functions of the face and scalp, including the layers of the scalp, facial muscles, and facial and trigeminal nerves. Test your knowledge of the anatomy of the cranial cap!
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