Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does the contraction of the platysma muscle convey in terms of facial expression?
What does the contraction of the platysma muscle convey in terms of facial expression?
Which branch of the facial nerve is responsible for innervating the buccinator muscle?
Which branch of the facial nerve is responsible for innervating the buccinator muscle?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for elevating the eyebrows?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for elevating the eyebrows?
What is the primary function of the masseter muscle?
What is the primary function of the masseter muscle?
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What type of secretion is primarily produced by the parotid salivary gland?
What type of secretion is primarily produced by the parotid salivary gland?
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Which nerve is primarily responsible for the motor innervation of the muscles of mastication?
Which nerve is primarily responsible for the motor innervation of the muscles of mastication?
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If the parotid gland is swollen due to mumps, what symptom is likely to occur when trying to open the mouth?
If the parotid gland is swollen due to mumps, what symptom is likely to occur when trying to open the mouth?
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Which muscle helps with the action of shaving, as mentioned in the context of facial muscles?
Which muscle helps with the action of shaving, as mentioned in the context of facial muscles?
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What is the length of the parotid duct (Stensen duct)?
What is the length of the parotid duct (Stensen duct)?
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Which artery lies deep within the parotid gland and divides into its terminal branches?
Which artery lies deep within the parotid gland and divides into its terminal branches?
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Where does the parotid duct open into the mouth?
Where does the parotid duct open into the mouth?
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Which nerve runs superficial to the retromandibular vein within the parotid gland?
Which nerve runs superficial to the retromandibular vein within the parotid gland?
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What type of lymph nodes can be found within the parotid gland?
What type of lymph nodes can be found within the parotid gland?
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Which branch of the facial nerve is NOT mentioned as running within the parotid gland?
Which branch of the facial nerve is NOT mentioned as running within the parotid gland?
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Which muscle is located in front of the parotid duct?
Which muscle is located in front of the parotid duct?
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Which condition is commonly associated with inflammation of the parotid gland?
Which condition is commonly associated with inflammation of the parotid gland?
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What lymph nodes are responsible for draining the posterior scalp?
What lymph nodes are responsible for draining the posterior scalp?
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Which of the following muscles serves as a dilator of the nostrils?
Which of the following muscles serves as a dilator of the nostrils?
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Which nerve is primarily responsible for innervating the muscles of facial expression?
Which nerve is primarily responsible for innervating the muscles of facial expression?
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What is the embryological origin of the facial muscles?
What is the embryological origin of the facial muscles?
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Which muscle is primarily responsible for closing the eyelids?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for closing the eyelids?
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What is true about the tissue composition of the skin of the face?
What is true about the tissue composition of the skin of the face?
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Which of the following muscles is categorized as a muscle of the cheek?
Which of the following muscles is categorized as a muscle of the cheek?
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What is the main role of the platyma muscle?
What is the main role of the platyma muscle?
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What is a major characteristic of the connective tissue layer of the scalp?
What is a major characteristic of the connective tissue layer of the scalp?
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Which of the following statements about scalp blood supply is true?
Which of the following statements about scalp blood supply is true?
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What is the 'dangerous layer' of the scalp identified in the layers mentioned?
What is the 'dangerous layer' of the scalp identified in the layers mentioned?
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In cases of subaponeurotic hemorrhage, which anatomical layer is most likely involved?
In cases of subaponeurotic hemorrhage, which anatomical layer is most likely involved?
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How do emissary veins function in relation to the scalp and the cranial cavity?
How do emissary veins function in relation to the scalp and the cranial cavity?
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Which of the following veins drain the scalp?
Which of the following veins drain the scalp?
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What potential clinical condition can occur due to scalp trauma that allows bleeding under the periosteum?
What potential clinical condition can occur due to scalp trauma that allows bleeding under the periosteum?
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Which cranial nerve is primarily involved in the secretion and innervation of the parotid gland?
Which cranial nerve is primarily involved in the secretion and innervation of the parotid gland?
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What symptom is associated with Frey's Syndrome?
What symptom is associated with Frey's Syndrome?
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Which artery supplies the palatine tonsil?
Which artery supplies the palatine tonsil?
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Which branch of the external carotid artery supplies the chin and lower lip?
Which branch of the external carotid artery supplies the chin and lower lip?
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At which level does the external carotid artery have its terminal branches?
At which level does the external carotid artery have its terminal branches?
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What is a characteristic anatomical feature of the facial artery?
What is a characteristic anatomical feature of the facial artery?
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Which artery supplies the upper lip and nasal septum?
Which artery supplies the upper lip and nasal septum?
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What initiates Frey's Syndrome?
What initiates Frey's Syndrome?
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What is NOT a branch of the external carotid artery?
What is NOT a branch of the external carotid artery?
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What type of nerve is the facial nerve classified as?
What type of nerve is the facial nerve classified as?
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Which branch of the facial nerve is responsible for conveying taste fibers from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?
Which branch of the facial nerve is responsible for conveying taste fibers from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?
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Where does the facial nerve attach to the brainstem?
Where does the facial nerve attach to the brainstem?
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Which condition is specifically characterized as a type of facial nerve paralysis?
Which condition is specifically characterized as a type of facial nerve paralysis?
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Which nerve supplies the Stapedius muscle?
Which nerve supplies the Stapedius muscle?
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What is the significance of the stylomastoid foramen in relation to the facial nerve?
What is the significance of the stylomastoid foramen in relation to the facial nerve?
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Which of the following is NOT a branch of the facial nerve?
Which of the following is NOT a branch of the facial nerve?
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What would be a visible sign during a motor function test for facial nerve integrity?
What would be a visible sign during a motor function test for facial nerve integrity?
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Study Notes
Scalp, Face & Parotid - Learning Outcomes
- List the layers of the scalp, its blood supply, and bleeding from the scalp
- Describe the superficial temporal artery and the facial artery
- Describe the veins of the face and temporal region
- Identify the major muscles of the face and jaw
- Describe the seventh cranial nerve: its relationships, lesions, and testing
- Describe the parotid gland and its duct, their relationships and clinical conditions, and its secretomotor innervation
- Describe the anatomy of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, including how their integrity is tested clinically.
The Scalp
- Skin: Thin, except in the occipital region with abundance of sweat, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles. It has a rich arterial supply, good venous, and lymphatic drainage.
- Connective tissue layer/sub-cutaneous tissue: Composed of numerous blood vessels and nerves. Wounds in this layer bleed profusely because blood vessels cannot retract due to the fibrous tissue.
- Aponeurosis: A tendinous sheet of occipitofrontalis and loose connective tissue. It is considered a dangerous layer of the scalp.
- Periosteum: The outer layer of the cranium. Cephalohematoma is often a part of this layer.
Blood Supply to the Scalp
- Arteries: Supratrochlear, supra-orbital, superficial temporal, posterior auricular, and occipital arteries.
- Veins: These veins connect to the skull bones and the cranial cavity, known as emissary veins. Blood in the emissary veins flows from superficial to deep, allowing infection to spread into the intracranial cavity.
Muscles of the Face
- Facial muscles are used for facial expression.
- These muscles originate from the facial bones and are attached to the skin.
- The muscles develop from the mesoderm of the second pharyngeal arch and are supplied by the facial nerve.
- Facial muscles act as sphincters or dilators of orifices (orbit, nose and mouth).
Muscles Around the Orbit
- Orbicularis oculi
- Levator palpebrae superioris
- Corrugator supercilii
Muscles Around the Nose
- Compressors naris
- Dilators naris
- Procerus
- Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
Muscles Around the Mouth
- Orbicularis oris
- Levator labii superioris
- Zygomaticus minor and major
- Levator anguli oris
- Risorius
- Depressor anguli oris
- Depressor labii inferioris
- Mentalis
- Buccinator (muscle of the cheek)
Platysma
- Platysma is a superficial muscle that lies just deep to the skin.
- It is innervated by the facial nerve.
- Its contraction tightens the skin, pulls the corners of the mouth down, and lifts the skin over the upper thorax.
- Expressive actions including shock, disbelief, and horror.
Facial Nerve
- A mixed cranial nerve (CN VII) with both sensory and motor roots.
- Has parasympathetic function.
- Attached to the lower border of the pons between the olive and inferior cerebellar peduncle.
- Branches of the Facial Nerve: Temporal, Zygomatic, Buccal, Mandibular, Cervical.
Parotid Gland
- Largest salivary gland composed mostly of serous acini.
- Enclosed by thick parotid fascia derived from the investing layer of the deep cervical fascia.
- Secretes 25% of saliva (serous - watery secretions).
- Structures within the parotid gland: External carotid artery, maxillary and superficial temporal arteries, retromandibular vein, facial nerve, and parotid lymph nodes.
- Parotid duct (Stensen duct): Thick-walled duct, runs forward on masseter. Opens into vestibule of mouth opposite the crown of the upper second molar tooth.
- Parasympathetic innervation comes from the inferior salivatory nucleus leaving with the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX).
Clinical Applications (Parotid Gland)
- Parotid gland tumor
- Parotitis (inflammation): Inflammatory or infective (i.e., stones in the duct, bacterial or viral) - Mumps.
- Frey's syndrome: A rare condition often following trauma or surgery to the auriculotemporal nerve in the parotid area. Patients often complain of redness and sweating of the cheek and temporal areas when eating or even thinking of eating.
Branches of the External Carotid Artery
- Branches from the anterior surface: Superior thyroid, Lingual, Facial
- Branches from the posterior surface: Occipital, Posterior auricular
- Branches from the deep surface: Ascending pharyngeal
- Terminal branches: Maxillary, Superficial temporal
Jaw Muscles (Muscles of Mastication)
- Massester
- Temporalis
- Medial pterygoid
- Lateral pterygoid
- Innervated by the trigeminal nerve.
Lymphatic Drainage (Scalp, Face, & Parotid)
- Pre-auricular/parotid nodes
- Submental nodes
- Submandibular nodes
- Jugulo-omohyoid node
- Occipital nodes
- Mastoid nodes
- Jugulodigastric node
- Superficial cervical nodes
- Internal jugular vein
- Deep cervical nodes
- External jugular vein
Testing Motor Function of the Facial Nerve
- Instructions on how to test the motor function.
- Procedures to be followed during the test.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the scalp, face, and parotid region. This quiz covers the layers of the scalp, key arteries and veins, major facial muscles, and cranial nerve anatomy. Prepare to identify important clinical relationships and conditions associated with the parotid gland.
