Anatomy Lab Exam 3 - Respiratory System

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Questions and Answers

What is carbonic anhydrase?

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid and vice versa.

What is the alimentary canal?

A passage extending from the mouth to the anus through which food travels as it is digested.

What are accessory organs?

Organs that assist in mechanical or chemical digestion.

What is the peritoneal cavity?

A cavity located between a double-layered serous membrane that secretes serous fluid. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the gastroesophageal sphincter?

It prevents contents of the stomach from regurgitating into the esophagus. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the pyloric sphincter?

It controls the passage of chyme into the small intestine. Signup and view all the answers

What is the duodenum?

The first part of the small intestine. Signup and view all the answers

What is the jejunum?

The middle part of the small intestine. Signup and view all the answers

What is the ileum?

The last part of the small intestine. Signup and view all the answers

What is the colon?

A section of the large intestine that contains four divisions. Signup and view all the answers

What are salivary glands?

Accessory organs around the mouth that secrete saliva. Signup and view all the answers

What is the pancreas?

An exocrine and endocrine gland that is posterior and inferior to the stomach. Signup and view all the answers

What is the respiratory tract?

Passages that conducts air Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the parietal pleura?

Lines the interior of the thoracic cavity and the superior surface of the diaphragm. Signup and view all the answers

What adheres tightly to the lung?

Visceral pleura Signup and view all the answers

What is the pleural cavity?

Very thin potential space between the parietal and visceral pleura. Signup and view all the answers

What are the lobes of the lungs?

Sections of the lungs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nasal cavity?

Filters, warms, and moistens inhaled air. Signup and view all the answers

Where is the larynx located?

Within the neck. Signup and view all the answers

What connects the larynx to the bronchial tree?

Trachea Signup and view all the answers

What serves one lung in the respiratory system?

Primary bronchi Signup and view all the answers

What does the terminal bronchioles control?

Airflow to structures for gas exchange. Signup and view all the answers

What are alveoli primarily made of?

Thin simple squamous epithelium. Signup and view all the answers

Where does carbon dioxide exit the body?

Through the nares. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the pH of blood when carbon dioxide increases?

It decreases. Signup and view all the answers

Hyperventilation causes a retention of carbon dioxide.

False Signup and view all the answers

The diaphragm is the main muscle of inspiration.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the physical movement of air into and out of the lungs called?

Pulmonary ventilation. Signup and view all the answers

According to Boyle's law, what happens to pressure when volume decreases?

Pressure increases. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of carbonic anhydrase?

Catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and water into carbonic acid. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is responsible for the movement of gases across the respiratory membrane?

Alveoli Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Respiratory System Overview

The respiratory tract is a highly branching system that conducts air for gas exchange.
The parietal pleura lines the thoracic cavity and diaphragm, while the visceral pleura closely covers the lungs.
The pleural cavity exists between these two layers, containing serous fluid that reduces friction and maintains lung inflation.

Lung Anatomy

Lungs are elastic organs made of connective tissue and contain alveoli, the sites for gas exchange.
The right lung has three lobes, and the left lung has two lobes.
The nasal cavity filters, warms, and moistens inhaled air, extending from the nostrils to the posterior nares.
The pharynx includes the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx, serving as pathways for air and food.

Pathways of the Respiratory Tract

Air pathway: Nasal cavity ➜ Nasopharynx ➜ Oropharynx ➜ Laryngopharynx ➜ Larynx ➜ Trachea ➜ Primary bronchi ➜ Secondary bronchi ➜ Bronchioles ➜ Terminal bronchioles ➜ Respiratory bronchioles ➜ Alveolar ducts ➜ Alveoli.

Gas Exchange

The respiratory membrane facilitates the diffusion of oxygen to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to air.
Tissue gas exchange occurs between blood and tissues, maintaining metabolic processes.

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities

Tidal Volume (TV): Volume of air during normal breathing; approx. 500 mL for both males and females.
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): Extra air inhaled after a normal breath; 3,000 mL (M), 1,900 mL (F).
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): Extra air exhaled after a normal breath; 1,100 mL (M), 700 mL (F).
Residual Volume (RV): Air remaining post-expiration; 1,200 mL (M), 1,100 mL (F).
Vital Capacity (VC): Max air expelled after taking a deep breath; 4,800 mL (M), 3,100 mL (F).
Total Lung Capacity (TLC): Total air amount in lungs; 6,000 mL (M), 4,200 mL (F).

Pressure and Ventilation

Boyle's Law: Pressure and volume are inversely related; increased volume reduces pressure and vice versa.
Intrapulmonary pressure: Air pressure in the lungs impacts airflow; air moves out when it is higher than atmospheric pressure.
Pulmonary ventilation: Physical movement of air in and out of lungs driven by pressure changes.

Respiratory Conditions

Obstructive diseases impede expiration, while restrictive diseases hinder inspiration.
Carbon dioxide transport occurs primarily as bicarbonate in the blood.
Hyperventilation increases respiratory rate, while hypoventilation decreases it.

Exercise and Metabolism

During exercise, metabolic rates rise, producing carbon dioxide as a waste product, which lowers blood pH.
To correct low pH, ventilation increases, exhaling more carbon dioxide to stabilize the blood's acidity levels.

Summary on Learning Points

Understanding the anatomy and pathways of the respiratory system is crucial for recognizing how air flows and gas exchanges occur.
Knowledge of respiratory volumes and capacities aids in identifying normal and abnormal lung function and responses to exercise.
The interplay between pressure, volume, and ventilation is fundamental to respiratory physiology, influencing health and disease states.### Definitions and Key Concepts in Digestion
Carbonic Anhydrase: An enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate and protons, playing a crucial role in maintaining acid-base balance in the body.
Alimentary Canal: Extensive passage from the mouth to the anus; includes pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and intestines, serving as the primary route for food digestion.

Accessory Organs and Their Functions

Accessory Organs: Essential organs enhancing digestion, including teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, and liver that assist in both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food.

Anatomical Features of the Digestive System

Peritoneal Cavity: A double-layered membrane space housing much of the alimentary canal and accessory organs; secretes fluid to reduce friction between organs.
Gastroesophageal Sphincter: Smooth muscle ring at the lower esophagus, preventing stomach contents from backing up into the esophagus, critical for maintaining digestive tract integrity.
Pyloric Sphincter: Smooth muscle controlling the passage of chyme from the stomach to the duodenum, regulating the flow into the small intestine.

Intestinal Sections

Duodenum: First section of the small intestine, where most chemical digestion occurs.
Jejunum: Middle segment of the small intestine, located between the duodenum and ileum, primarily responsible for nutrient absorption.
Ileum: Final portion of the small intestine, bridging the jejunum and cecum of the large intestine, responsible for absorbing remaining nutrients.

Large Intestine Structure

Colon: Comprises four divisions (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid), playing a key role in water absorption and the formation of feces.

Salivary Glands and Pancreas Functions

Salivary Glands: Located around the mouth, they secrete saliva containing water, salivary amylase, antibodies, and lysozyme, aiding in digestion and antimicrobial defense.
Pancreas: Functions both as an exocrine and endocrine gland, located behind the stomach; exocrine functions aid digestion, while endocrine functions regulate metabolism.

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Test your knowledge of the respiratory system with these flashcards covering key terms like the respiratory tract, parietal pleura, and visceral pleura. Perfect for anatomy students preparing for lab exams.