Respiratory System Anatomy

Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases

• Communicable diseases are transmitted from person to person and can be caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi.
• Non-communicable diseases are not transmitted from person to person, but instead caused by physiological changes.

Wellness and Health

• Wellness is a state of feeling satisfied and tranquil, resulting from physical and mental conditions.
• Physical activity, healthy eating, and sleep, as well as healthy interpersonal relationships, contribute to wellness.
• Health is a complete state of physical, social, and mental well-being, not just the absence of disease.

Health Dimensions

• Mental and emotional aspects of health are psychological.
• Social aspects of health relate to interactions with other people.
• Physical aspects of health involve organs, systems, and their functions (biological).

Types of Diseases

• Laboral diseases are often caused by labor accidents.
• Degenerative diseases are chronic, often metabolic, genetic, or mental.
• Deficiency diseases result from macromolecule deficiencies.

Ecological Triad

• Chemical: Any agent that can cause damage and illness.
• Microbiological: Circumstances that favor the pathologic relationship between the host and the agent.
• Physical: The living thing that allows the illness agent to establish itself in the body.

Urinary System

• Kidneys: filter waste and excess fluids from the blood.
• Ureters: carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
• Bladder: stores urine until it's eliminated.
• Urethra: carries urine out of the body.

Diseases of the Urinary System

• Kidney stones
• Renal insufficiency
• Nephroptosis
• Cystitis
• Urethritis

Circulatory System

• Blood composition: plasma, leukocytes, thrombocytes, and erythrocytes.
• Plasma: carries nutrients, hormones, and proteins to the body.
• Leukocytes: defend the organism against bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi.
• Thrombocytes: form a clot to react to injury.
• Erythrocytes: transport oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.

Parts of the Heart

• No specific parts mentioned.

Blood Vessels

• Veins: transport deoxygenated blood to the heart.
• Capillaries: allow for nutrient and gas exchange.
• Arteries: transport oxygenated blood from the heart to the body.

Diseases of the Circulatory System

• Anemia
• Leukemia
• Atherosclerosis
• Hypertension
• Myocardial infarction

Respiratory System

• Upper respiratory tract: nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx.
• Lower respiratory tract: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.

Upper Respiratory Tract

• Nasal cavity: produces mucus, filters, warms, and moistens air, and has olfactory function.
• Pharynx: passageway for air and food.
• Larynx: air passageway, prevents food and drink from entering the lower respiratory system, and produces voice.

Lower Respiratory Tract

• Trachea: connects the larynx to the bronchi in both lungs.
• Bronchi: transport air from the trachea to each lung.
• Bronchioles: narrow passageways to conduct air from the bronchi to the alveoli.
• Alveoli: microscopic chambers for gas exchange.

Respiratory Muscles

• Diaphragm: muscle between the chest and abdominal cavity that aids in breathing.
• Intercostal muscles: help with breathing.

Endocrine System

• Hypothalamus: part of the brain that regulates body temperature, hunger, and thirst.
• Hypophysis: pituitary gland that stores and releases hormones.
• Thyroid gland: produces hormones that regulate metabolism.
• Thymus: produces hormones that regulate immune function.
• Pancreas: produces hormones that regulate blood sugar levels.
• Adrenal glands: produce hormones that regulate stress response.
• Ovaries and testicles: produce sex hormones.

Diseases of the Respiratory System

• Asthma
• Emphysema
• COPD
• COVID-19
• Pulmonary cancer