Anatomy Final - Chapters 2-3 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and muscles in the form of ______.

glycogen

Phospholipid is usually ______.

partially hydrophilic and partially hydrophobic (correct)

hydrophobic

hydrophilic

neither hydrophilic nor hydrophobic

The speed or rate of a chemical reaction is influenced by all of the following except _____.

the concentration of the reactants

the presence or absence of carbon (correct)

the presence of catalysts or enzymes

the temperature

Salts are always ______.

ionic compounds Signup and view all the answers

In general, the category of lipids that we refer to as oils have _____.

a high degree of unsaturated bonds Signup and view all the answers

On this basis, which of the following is an unstable or reactive atom?

2,8,1 Signup and view all the answers

The genetic information is coded in DNA by _____.

the sequence of the nucleotides Signup and view all the answers

A solution that has a pH of 2 could best be described as being _____.

acidic Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not true of proteins?

They appear to be the molecular carriers of the coded hereditary information. Signup and view all the answers

If a tRNA had an AGC anticodon, it could attach to a(n) _____ mRNA codon.

UCG Signup and view all the answers

The plasma membrane is _____.

the phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell Signup and view all the answers

A chain of 25 amino acids would be called a _____.

protein Signup and view all the answers

The coiling of the protein backbone into an alpha helix is referred to as the _____.

secondary structure Signup and view all the answers

A red blood cell placed in pure water would _____.

swell and burst Signup and view all the answers

Carbohydrates and proteins are built up from their basic building blocks by the _____.

removal of a water molecule between each two units Signup and view all the answers

Which structures are finger-like projections that greatly increase the absorbing surface of cells?

microvilli Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about enzymes is false?

Enzymes raise the activation energy needed to start a reaction. Signup and view all the answers

Cell junctions that promote the coordinated activity of cells by physically binding them together into a cell community include all of the following except _______.

peroxisomes Signup and view all the answers

Select the correct statement about isotopes.

Isotopes of the same element have the same atomic number but differ in their atomic mass. Signup and view all the answers

A chemical reaction in which bonds are broken is associated with _____.

the release of energy Signup and view all the answers

If cells are placed in a hypertonic solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable, what could happen?

The cells will shrink at first, but will later reach equilibrium. Signup and view all the answers

Select the most correct statement regarding nucleic acids.

DNA is a long, double-stranded molecule made up of A, T, G, and C bases. Signup and view all the answers

If the nucleotide or base sequence of the DNA strand used as a template for messenger RNA synthesis is ACGTT, then the sequence of bases in the corresponding mRNA would be _____.

UGCAA Signup and view all the answers

A long chain of simple sugars would be a _____.

polysaccharide Signup and view all the answers

The four elements that make up about 96% of body matter are _____.

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen Signup and view all the answers

The formula C6H12O6 means _____.

there are 12 hydrogen, 6 carbon, and 6 oxygen atoms. Signup and view all the answers

Mitochondria _____.

contain some of the code necessary for their own duplication Signup and view all the answers

The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the 'factory' site for protein formation is the _____.

in the smooth ER Signup and view all the answers

Calcium ions are stored (in the cell) ______.

in the smooth ER Signup and view all the answers

Mitosis is _____.

nucleus replication Signup and view all the answers

Peroxisomes ______.

are able to detoxify substances by enzymatic action Signup and view all the answers

_____ bonds often bind different parts of a molecule into a specific 3-dimensional shape.

Hydrogen Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would not be a constituent of a plasma membrane?

messenger RNA Signup and view all the answers

DNA replication ______.

takes place during interphase of the cell cycle Signup and view all the answers

Some hormones enter cells via ______.

endocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Passive membrane transport processes include _____.

movement of a substance down its concentration gradient Signup and view all the answers

The electron microscope has revealed that one of the components within the cell consists of microtubules arranged to form a hollow tube. The structure is _____.

centriole Signup and view all the answers

The main component of the cytosol is _____.

water Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a concept of the cell theory?

A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. Signup and view all the answers

Hyperplasia means _____.

Accelerated growth Signup and view all the answers

Cells are composed mainly of _____.

Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen Signup and view all the answers

The endomembrane system is _____.

An interactive system of organelles whose membranes are physically or functionally connected Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a principle of the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure?

Phospholipids form a bilayer that is largely impermeable to water-soluble molecules. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is the most correct regarding transcription/translation?

The nucleotide sequence in a tRNA anticodon is an exact copy of the DNA triplet that coded for it except that uracil is substituted for thymine. Signup and view all the answers

A gene can best be defined as _____

A segment of DNA that encodes for a functional product Signup and view all the answers

The functions of centrioles include _____.

Organizing the mitotic spindle in cell division Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an inclusion, not an organelle?

Melanin Signup and view all the answers

Crenation is an example of _____.

Blood cells in a hypertonic solution Signup and view all the answers

Extracellular matrix is _____.

The most abundant extracellular material Signup and view all the answers

A bond in which electrons are completely lost or gained by the atoms involved is called a ____.

Ionic bond Signup and view all the answers

A bond in which electrons are equally shared is a ____.

Nonpolar covalent bond Signup and view all the answers

A type of bond important in tying different parts of the same molecule together into a three-dimensional structure is a ____.

Hydrogen bond Signup and view all the answers

A bond in which electrons are shared unequally is a ____.

Polar covalent bond Signup and view all the answers

Chromosomes decoil to form chromatin in _____.

Telophase Signup and view all the answers

Chromosomal centromeres split and chromosomes migrate to opposite ends of the cell in _____.

Anaphase Signup and view all the answers

Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disintegrate in _____.

Late prophase Signup and view all the answers

Chromosomes align on the spindle equator in _____.

Metaphase Signup and view all the answers

Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell in _____.

Early prophase Signup and view all the answers

Plays a role in the synthesis of steroid-based hormones and proteins is the _____

Endoplasmic reticulum Signup and view all the answers

The actual site of protein synthesis is the ____.

Ribosomes Signup and view all the answers

Hollow cytoskeletal elements that act as organizers for the cytoskeleton are called ____.

Microtubules Signup and view all the answers

Dense spherical bodies in the nucleus that are the synthesis site for ribosomal RNA are called ____.

Nucleoli Signup and view all the answers

Houses DNA and RNA.

Nucleus Signup and view all the answers

Forms part of the protein synthesis site of the cytoplasm.

Ribosomal RNA Signup and view all the answers

Act as 'interpreter' molecules that recognize specific amino acids and nucleotide base sequences.

Transfer RNA Signup and view all the answers

Attaches the correct amino acid to its transfer RNA.

Synthetase enzymes Signup and view all the answers

Provides the energy needed for synthesis reactions.

ATP Signup and view all the answers

Found in the cytoplasm, this structure specifies the exact sequence of amino acids of the protein to be made.

Messenger RNA Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Carbohydrates and Glycogen

Carbohydrates are converted and stored as glycogen primarily in the liver and muscles.

Phospholipids

Phospholipids possess a dual nature: they are partially hydrophilic (water-attracting) and partially hydrophobic (water-repelling).

Chemical Reaction Rates

Factors impacting the rate of chemical reactions include catalysts or enzymes, temperature, and reactant concentration; however, the presence or absence of carbon does not.

Salts

Salts are categorized as ionic compounds, characterized by the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.

Lipids and Oils

Oils fall under the lipid category, predominantly featuring a high degree of unsaturated bonds.

Atomic Stability

Atoms are deemed unstable or reactive when they have incomplete outer energy levels, indicated by configurations like 2,8,1.

Genetic Code in DNA

The genetic information within DNA is encoded through the specific sequence of nucleotides.

pH Levels

A solution with a pH of 2 is classified as acidic, indicating a high concentration of hydrogen ions.

Protein Functions

Proteins derive their functional capabilities from their complex three-dimensional shapes; they do not serve as carriers of hereditary information.

tRNA and mRNA Codons

A tRNA with an AGC anticodon will pair accurately with a UCG mRNA codon during protein synthesis.

Structure of the Plasma Membrane

The plasma membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer that serves as a barrier and gatekeeper for cells.

Amino Acids and Proteins

A sequence of 25 amino acids constitutes a protein, highlighting the larger role they play in biological functions.

Protein Structure

The coiling of the protein backbone into structures like alpha helices is known as secondary structure.

Effects of Osmosis

A red blood cell placed in pure water will swell and potentially burst due to osmotic pressure.

Building Macromolecules

The formation of carbohydrates and proteins occurs through the removal of water molecules via condensation reactions.

Microvilli

Microvilli are finger-like projections that significantly increase the surface area available for absorption in cells.

Enzyme Functionality

Enzymes function as organic catalysts, lowering activation energy requirements for reactions. They can be denatured by extremes in temperature.

Cell Junctions

Types of cell junctions promoting coordinated cell activity include gap junctions, tight junctions, and desmosomes; peroxisomes are not classified as cell junctions.

Isotopes

Isotopes of an element share the same atomic number but differ in atomic mass due to variations in neutron count.

Energy in Chemical Reactions

Breaking chemical bonds is associated with the release of energy.

Hypertonic Solutions

Cells exposed to hypertonic solutions can experience shrinkage due to water loss as solvent diffuses out.

Nucleic Acids

DNA is structured as a long double-stranded molecule composed of adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine.

mRNA Synthesis

If the DNA template has a base sequence of ACGTT, the corresponding mRNA would be synthesized as UGCAA.

Polysaccharides

Long chains of simple sugars are referred to as polysaccharides, serving as energy storage and structural components.

Elements in Body Matter

The four primary elements constituting approximately 96% of body matter are carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen.

Molecular Formula Interpretation

The formula C6H12O6 represents a molecule with 6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms, and 6 oxygen atoms.

Mitochondria

Mitochondria have genetic material necessary for their replication, distinguishing them as semi-autonomous organelles.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Functions

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in synthesizing steroid-based hormones, as well as storing calcium ions.

Mitosis

Mitosis refers specifically to the replication of the nucleus during the cell division process.

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes detoxify harmful substances through enzymatic actions, playing a crucial role in cellular health.

Types of Chemical Bonds

Ionic bonds involve complete transfer of electrons; polar covalent bonds involve unequal sharing, and nonpolar covalent bonds involve equal sharing.

Cell Theory

A fundamental principle of the cell theory is that the cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.

Hyperplasia Definition

Hyperplasia refers to accelerated cellular growth, which can occur in response to various stimuli.

Cell Composition

Cells are primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, forming a complex web of biochemical interactions.

Endomembrane System

The endomembrane system refers to a collection of organelles that are connected either physically or functionally, facilitating inter-organelle communication.

Fluid Mosaic Model

The fluid mosaic model describes the cell membrane structure, where phospholipids form a bilayer and proteins are embedded, creating a flexible and semi-permeable membrane.

Transcription and Translation

The sequence of the tRNA anticodon is complementary to the mRNA codon, with uracil replacing thymine in RNA.

Genetic Function of Genes

A gene is defined as a segment of DNA that encodes for a functional product, such as a protein.

Centrioles

Centrioles are critical for organizing the mitotic spindle during cell division.

Inclusions vs. Organelles

Cilia are classified as inclusions, whereas organelles perform distinct cellular functions.

Crenation

Crenation occurs when blood cells are placed in a hypertonic solution, causing the cells to shrink as water exits.

Extracellular Matrix

The extracellular matrix serves as a structural framework in tissues and is the most abundant extracellular material.

Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis

Ribosomes function as the site of protein synthesis, translating mRNA into polypeptide chains, with support from transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).

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Test your knowledge of key concepts from Anatomy Chapters 2 and 3 with these flashcards. Each card focuses on critical terms and definitions, helping reinforce your understanding of the subject matter. Perfect for last-minute review!