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Questions and Answers
Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and muscles in the form of ______.
Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and muscles in the form of ______.
glycogen
Phospholipid is usually ______.
Phospholipid is usually ______.
The speed or rate of a chemical reaction is influenced by all of the following except _____.
The speed or rate of a chemical reaction is influenced by all of the following except _____.
Salts are always ______.
Salts are always ______.
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In general, the category of lipids that we refer to as oils have _____.
In general, the category of lipids that we refer to as oils have _____.
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On this basis, which of the following is an unstable or reactive atom?
On this basis, which of the following is an unstable or reactive atom?
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The genetic information is coded in DNA by _____.
The genetic information is coded in DNA by _____.
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A solution that has a pH of 2 could best be described as being _____.
A solution that has a pH of 2 could best be described as being _____.
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Which of the following is not true of proteins?
Which of the following is not true of proteins?
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If a tRNA had an AGC anticodon, it could attach to a(n) _____ mRNA codon.
If a tRNA had an AGC anticodon, it could attach to a(n) _____ mRNA codon.
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The plasma membrane is _____.
The plasma membrane is _____.
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A chain of 25 amino acids would be called a _____.
A chain of 25 amino acids would be called a _____.
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The coiling of the protein backbone into an alpha helix is referred to as the _____.
The coiling of the protein backbone into an alpha helix is referred to as the _____.
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A red blood cell placed in pure water would _____.
A red blood cell placed in pure water would _____.
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Carbohydrates and proteins are built up from their basic building blocks by the _____.
Carbohydrates and proteins are built up from their basic building blocks by the _____.
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Which structures are finger-like projections that greatly increase the absorbing surface of cells?
Which structures are finger-like projections that greatly increase the absorbing surface of cells?
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Which statement about enzymes is false?
Which statement about enzymes is false?
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Cell junctions that promote the coordinated activity of cells by physically binding them together into a cell community include all of the following except _______.
Cell junctions that promote the coordinated activity of cells by physically binding them together into a cell community include all of the following except _______.
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Select the correct statement about isotopes.
Select the correct statement about isotopes.
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A chemical reaction in which bonds are broken is associated with _____.
A chemical reaction in which bonds are broken is associated with _____.
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If cells are placed in a hypertonic solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable, what could happen?
If cells are placed in a hypertonic solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable, what could happen?
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Select the most correct statement regarding nucleic acids.
Select the most correct statement regarding nucleic acids.
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If the nucleotide or base sequence of the DNA strand used as a template for messenger RNA synthesis is ACGTT, then the sequence of bases in the corresponding mRNA would be _____.
If the nucleotide or base sequence of the DNA strand used as a template for messenger RNA synthesis is ACGTT, then the sequence of bases in the corresponding mRNA would be _____.
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A long chain of simple sugars would be a _____.
A long chain of simple sugars would be a _____.
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The four elements that make up about 96% of body matter are _____.
The four elements that make up about 96% of body matter are _____.
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The formula C6H12O6 means _____.
The formula C6H12O6 means _____.
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Mitochondria _____.
Mitochondria _____.
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The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the 'factory' site for protein formation is the _____.
The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the 'factory' site for protein formation is the _____.
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Calcium ions are stored (in the cell) ______.
Calcium ions are stored (in the cell) ______.
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Mitosis is _____.
Mitosis is _____.
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Peroxisomes ______.
Peroxisomes ______.
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_____ bonds often bind different parts of a molecule into a specific 3-dimensional shape.
_____ bonds often bind different parts of a molecule into a specific 3-dimensional shape.
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Which of the following would not be a constituent of a plasma membrane?
Which of the following would not be a constituent of a plasma membrane?
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DNA replication ______.
DNA replication ______.
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Some hormones enter cells via ______.
Some hormones enter cells via ______.
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Passive membrane transport processes include _____.
Passive membrane transport processes include _____.
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The electron microscope has revealed that one of the components within the cell consists of microtubules arranged to form a hollow tube. The structure is _____.
The electron microscope has revealed that one of the components within the cell consists of microtubules arranged to form a hollow tube. The structure is _____.
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The main component of the cytosol is _____.
The main component of the cytosol is _____.
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Which of the following is a concept of the cell theory?
Which of the following is a concept of the cell theory?
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Hyperplasia means _____.
Hyperplasia means _____.
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Cells are composed mainly of _____.
Cells are composed mainly of _____.
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The endomembrane system is _____.
The endomembrane system is _____.
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Which of the following is a principle of the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure?
Which of the following is a principle of the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure?
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Which statement is the most correct regarding transcription/translation?
Which statement is the most correct regarding transcription/translation?
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A gene can best be defined as _____
A gene can best be defined as _____
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The functions of centrioles include _____.
The functions of centrioles include _____.
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Which of these is an inclusion, not an organelle?
Which of these is an inclusion, not an organelle?
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Crenation is an example of _____.
Crenation is an example of _____.
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Extracellular matrix is _____.
Extracellular matrix is _____.
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A bond in which electrons are completely lost or gained by the atoms involved is called a ____.
A bond in which electrons are completely lost or gained by the atoms involved is called a ____.
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A bond in which electrons are equally shared is a ____.
A bond in which electrons are equally shared is a ____.
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A type of bond important in tying different parts of the same molecule together into a three-dimensional structure is a ____.
A type of bond important in tying different parts of the same molecule together into a three-dimensional structure is a ____.
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A bond in which electrons are shared unequally is a ____.
A bond in which electrons are shared unequally is a ____.
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Chromosomes decoil to form chromatin in _____.
Chromosomes decoil to form chromatin in _____.
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Chromosomal centromeres split and chromosomes migrate to opposite ends of the cell in _____.
Chromosomal centromeres split and chromosomes migrate to opposite ends of the cell in _____.
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Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disintegrate in _____.
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disintegrate in _____.
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Chromosomes align on the spindle equator in _____.
Chromosomes align on the spindle equator in _____.
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Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell in _____.
Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell in _____.
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Plays a role in the synthesis of steroid-based hormones and proteins is the _____
Plays a role in the synthesis of steroid-based hormones and proteins is the _____
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The actual site of protein synthesis is the ____.
The actual site of protein synthesis is the ____.
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Hollow cytoskeletal elements that act as organizers for the cytoskeleton are called ____.
Hollow cytoskeletal elements that act as organizers for the cytoskeleton are called ____.
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Dense spherical bodies in the nucleus that are the synthesis site for ribosomal RNA are called ____.
Dense spherical bodies in the nucleus that are the synthesis site for ribosomal RNA are called ____.
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Houses DNA and RNA.
Houses DNA and RNA.
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Forms part of the protein synthesis site of the cytoplasm.
Forms part of the protein synthesis site of the cytoplasm.
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Act as 'interpreter' molecules that recognize specific amino acids and nucleotide base sequences.
Act as 'interpreter' molecules that recognize specific amino acids and nucleotide base sequences.
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Attaches the correct amino acid to its transfer RNA.
Attaches the correct amino acid to its transfer RNA.
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Provides the energy needed for synthesis reactions.
Provides the energy needed for synthesis reactions.
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Found in the cytoplasm, this structure specifies the exact sequence of amino acids of the protein to be made.
Found in the cytoplasm, this structure specifies the exact sequence of amino acids of the protein to be made.
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Study Notes
Carbohydrates and Glycogen
- Carbohydrates are converted and stored as glycogen primarily in the liver and muscles.
Phospholipids
- Phospholipids possess a dual nature: they are partially hydrophilic (water-attracting) and partially hydrophobic (water-repelling).
Chemical Reaction Rates
- Factors impacting the rate of chemical reactions include catalysts or enzymes, temperature, and reactant concentration; however, the presence or absence of carbon does not.
Salts
- Salts are categorized as ionic compounds, characterized by the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.
Lipids and Oils
- Oils fall under the lipid category, predominantly featuring a high degree of unsaturated bonds.
Atomic Stability
- Atoms are deemed unstable or reactive when they have incomplete outer energy levels, indicated by configurations like 2,8,1.
Genetic Code in DNA
- The genetic information within DNA is encoded through the specific sequence of nucleotides.
pH Levels
- A solution with a pH of 2 is classified as acidic, indicating a high concentration of hydrogen ions.
Protein Functions
- Proteins derive their functional capabilities from their complex three-dimensional shapes; they do not serve as carriers of hereditary information.
tRNA and mRNA Codons
- A tRNA with an AGC anticodon will pair accurately with a UCG mRNA codon during protein synthesis.
Structure of the Plasma Membrane
- The plasma membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer that serves as a barrier and gatekeeper for cells.
Amino Acids and Proteins
- A sequence of 25 amino acids constitutes a protein, highlighting the larger role they play in biological functions.
Protein Structure
- The coiling of the protein backbone into structures like alpha helices is known as secondary structure.
Effects of Osmosis
- A red blood cell placed in pure water will swell and potentially burst due to osmotic pressure.
Building Macromolecules
- The formation of carbohydrates and proteins occurs through the removal of water molecules via condensation reactions.
Microvilli
- Microvilli are finger-like projections that significantly increase the surface area available for absorption in cells.
Enzyme Functionality
- Enzymes function as organic catalysts, lowering activation energy requirements for reactions. They can be denatured by extremes in temperature.
Cell Junctions
- Types of cell junctions promoting coordinated cell activity include gap junctions, tight junctions, and desmosomes; peroxisomes are not classified as cell junctions.
Isotopes
- Isotopes of an element share the same atomic number but differ in atomic mass due to variations in neutron count.
Energy in Chemical Reactions
- Breaking chemical bonds is associated with the release of energy.
Hypertonic Solutions
- Cells exposed to hypertonic solutions can experience shrinkage due to water loss as solvent diffuses out.
Nucleic Acids
- DNA is structured as a long double-stranded molecule composed of adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine.
mRNA Synthesis
- If the DNA template has a base sequence of ACGTT, the corresponding mRNA would be synthesized as UGCAA.
Polysaccharides
- Long chains of simple sugars are referred to as polysaccharides, serving as energy storage and structural components.
Elements in Body Matter
- The four primary elements constituting approximately 96% of body matter are carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
Molecular Formula Interpretation
- The formula C6H12O6 represents a molecule with 6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms, and 6 oxygen atoms.
Mitochondria
- Mitochondria have genetic material necessary for their replication, distinguishing them as semi-autonomous organelles.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Functions
- The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in synthesizing steroid-based hormones, as well as storing calcium ions.
Mitosis
- Mitosis refers specifically to the replication of the nucleus during the cell division process.
Peroxisomes
- Peroxisomes detoxify harmful substances through enzymatic actions, playing a crucial role in cellular health.
Types of Chemical Bonds
- Ionic bonds involve complete transfer of electrons; polar covalent bonds involve unequal sharing, and nonpolar covalent bonds involve equal sharing.
Cell Theory
- A fundamental principle of the cell theory is that the cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
Hyperplasia Definition
- Hyperplasia refers to accelerated cellular growth, which can occur in response to various stimuli.
Cell Composition
- Cells are primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, forming a complex web of biochemical interactions.
Endomembrane System
- The endomembrane system refers to a collection of organelles that are connected either physically or functionally, facilitating inter-organelle communication.
Fluid Mosaic Model
- The fluid mosaic model describes the cell membrane structure, where phospholipids form a bilayer and proteins are embedded, creating a flexible and semi-permeable membrane.
Transcription and Translation
- The sequence of the tRNA anticodon is complementary to the mRNA codon, with uracil replacing thymine in RNA.
Genetic Function of Genes
- A gene is defined as a segment of DNA that encodes for a functional product, such as a protein.
Centrioles
- Centrioles are critical for organizing the mitotic spindle during cell division.
Inclusions vs. Organelles
- Cilia are classified as inclusions, whereas organelles perform distinct cellular functions.
Crenation
- Crenation occurs when blood cells are placed in a hypertonic solution, causing the cells to shrink as water exits.
Extracellular Matrix
- The extracellular matrix serves as a structural framework in tissues and is the most abundant extracellular material.
Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
- Ribosomes function as the site of protein synthesis, translating mRNA into polypeptide chains, with support from transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
Studying That Suits You
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Test your knowledge of key concepts from Anatomy Chapters 2 and 3 with these flashcards. Each card focuses on critical terms and definitions, helping reinforce your understanding of the subject matter. Perfect for last-minute review!
