Questions and Answers
Describe the axial and appendicular divisions of the skeleton
The axial skeleton is composed of the bones of the skull, thorax, and vertebral column, containing a total of 80 bones. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the limbs and the pectoral and pelvic girdles, containing a total of 126 bones.
Identify the functions of the skeletal system
The skeletal system supports the body, stores minerals and lipids, produces blood cells, protects delicate organs and tissues, and functions as levers for movement.
Identify the six broad categories for classifying a bone according to shape
The six broad categories for classifying bones according to shape are flat bones, sutural (wormian) bones, long bones, irregular bones, sesamoid bones, and short bones.
Define bone marking
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List the major parts of a long bone
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Describe the functions of the medullary cavity
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Where is articular cartilage found, and how is it nourished?
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Why are bone injuries usually painful?
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Describe the functions of osteogenic cells and osteoblasts
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Describe the functions of osteocytes
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How would the compressive strength of a bone be affected if the ratio of collagen to hydroxyapatite increased?
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If osteoclast activity exceeds osteoblast activity in a bone, how will the bone mass be affected?
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Define osteon
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Compare compact bone and spongy bone
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Define appositional growth
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As a bone increases in diameter, what happens to the medullary cavity?
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Distinguish between the periosteum and the endosteum
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Define endochondral ossification
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Study Notes
Axial and Appendicular Skeleton
- The axial skeleton includes 80 bones, consisting of the skull, thorax, and vertebral column.
- The appendicular skeleton comprises 126 bones, including limbs and pectoral and pelvic girdles.
Functions of the Skeletal System
- Provides support and structure to the body.
- Stores minerals and lipids, contributing to energy reserves.
- Produces blood cells within bone marrow.
- Protects vital organs and tissues.
- Serves as levers for movement, facilitating physical activity.
Bone Classification by Shape
- Bones are categorized into six types:
- Flat bones
- Sutural (wormian) bones
- Long bones
- Irregular bones
- Sesamoid bones
- Short bones
Bone Markings
- Surface features have specific functions, such as:
- Forming joints
- Serving as attachment sites for muscles, tendons, and ligaments
- Allowing passage for nerves and blood vessels
Major Parts of a Long Bone
- Key components include:
- Epiphysis (ends of bone)
- Metaphysis (transitional region)
- Diaphysis (shaft)
- Medullary cavity (central space)
Functions of the Medullary Cavity
- Houses red bone marrow for blood cell production.
- Contains yellow bone marrow, which is adipose tissue for energy storage.
Articular Cartilage and Nutrition
- Articular cartilage covers the ends of bones at joints, aiding in smooth movement.
- It is nourished by diffusion from synovial fluid due to its avascular nature.
Pain Induction from Bone Injuries
- Bone injuries cause pain because of abundant sensory nerve presence in periosteum, diaphysis, medullary cavity, and epiphyses.
Osteogenic Cells and Osteoblasts
- Osteogenic cells are stem cells that develop into osteoblasts.
- Osteoblasts are immature bone cells that function in the secretion of the bone matrix.
Functions of Osteocytes
- Osteocytes are mature bone cells responsible for maintaining bone matrix.
- They play a role in the repair of damaged bone.
Effect of Collagen to Hydroxyapatite Ratio
- An increased ratio of collagen to hydroxyapatite reduces compressive strength and enhances flexibility of bone.
Osteoclasts vs. Osteoblasts Activity
- If osteoclast activity surpasses osteoblast activity, bone mass decreases, leading to weaker bones due to reduction in mineral content.
Definition of Osteon
- An osteon is the fundamental functional unit of mature compact bone, organized around a central canal and separated by concentric lamellae.
Comparison of Compact Bone and Spongy Bone
- Compact bone comprises tightly arranged osteons, serving to protect, support, and resist stress, forming the diaphysis of long bones.
- Spongy bone is less dense, located in the interiors of short, flat, and irregular bones, primarily for marrow storage and structural support.
Appositional Growth
- Appositional growth refers to the increase in bone diameter through the addition of new bone matrix on the surface.
Medullary Cavity and Bone Diameter
- As bone diameter increases, the medullary cavity also enlarges to accommodate structural changes.
Periosteum vs. Endosteum
- The periosteum is the external protective layer of bone, made of an outer fibrous layer and an inner cellular layer.
- The endosteum is a thin cellular lining covering the internal surfaces of bones.
Endochondral Ossification
- Endochondral ossification is the process where a cartilage model is replaced by bone tissue during development.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the skeletal system with these flashcards from Chapter 6. You will learn about the axial and appendicular divisions of the skeleton, as well as the key functions of the skeletal system. Great for reinforcing anatomy concepts and preparing for exams.