WEEK 3 ANATOMY - PDF

Name of Department : Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation (English) Course Code and Name : ANATOMY (BEY 141-E) Course Week : 3 Course Day and Time : Wednesday (9:00 to 12:50) ROOM -308 (Block-B) InformationCourse Credit/ACTS :...

Name of Department : Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation (English) Course Code and Name : ANATOMY (BEY 141-E) Course Week : 3 Course Day and Time : Wednesday (9:00 to 12:50) ROOM -308 (Block-B) InformationCourse Credit/ACTS : 4 Examination Type and Gradings : Assignments and Mcqs Instructor’s Name & Surname : Dr. Nasir Mustafa E-mail & Phone: : [email protected] Instructor’s Room : 304 Block - B Office Hours : 9:00 to 18:00 GBS Link : https://gbs.gelisim.edu.tr/ders-detay-17-316-5675-2 ALMS Link : https://lms.gelisim.edu.tr/almsp/u/Home/Index AVESIS Link : https://avesis.gelisim.edu.tr/nmustafa  | 14 WEEKS’S COURSE CONTENTS | 1. Introduction to Anatomy and 9. Nervous System I Related Terms 10. Nervous System II 2. Terminology, Human Body, 11. Circulatory System I Topographic Anatomy 3. Locomotory System - Osteology 12. Circulatory System II 4. Locomotory System - Osteology 13. Respiratory System I 5. Locomotory System – Arthrology 14. Respiratory System II 6. Locomotory System – Myology 15. General Overview 7. Locomotory System - Myology 8. MID-TERM EXAM 16. FINAL EXAM  | Course Assessment | Activities could be quizzes, assignments, presentation, report, project, ………..  | NOTE | Attendance Attendance is mandatory for all scheduled lectures.  | NOTE | Assignment Deliver the assignments before the deadline.  | NOTE | Quiz Quizzes will be held online. (No excuses)  | NOTE | Be Responsible Come to class on time.  | NOTE | Be disciplined Avoid talking to friends in the class.  | NOTE | Show discipline Mobiles are not allowed in the class.  | WEEKLY LEARNING OUTCOMES | Basics of Anatomy: Understand the significance of anatomy in studying the human body. Bone Types: Classify bones into long, short, flat, and irregular categories. Bone Structure: Learn the macroscopic structure of a typical long bone. Bone Composition: Understand the microscopic structure of bone, roles of osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. Bone Functions: Explain the key functions of bones, such as support, protection, and blood cell formation. Bone Development: Learn about bone formation and the differences between ossification types. Bone Remodeling and Healing: Understand the process of bone remodeling and healing after fractures.  | ABOUT THE PREVIOUS LESSON | In the previous lesson of Anatomy Terminology: class, students were introduced to key concepts such as: Anatomical Position: Standard reference position (upright, facing forward, palms forward). Directional Terms: Describe body part locations (e.g., superior/inferior, anterior/posterior, medial/lateral). Body Planes: Divide the body into sections (sagittal, frontal, transverse). Body Cavities: Dorsal (brain, spinal cord) and ventral (thoracic, abdominopelvic) cavities. Regions and Quadrants: Abdominal area divided for organ location. Movements: Flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction describe joint movements.  | DAILY FLOW | 09:00-09:50/ 1st Hour 10:00-10:50/ 2nd Hour 11:00-11:50/ 3rd Hour 12:00-12:50/ 4th Hour  Depth and Breath Conceptual Depth and Practical Depth Thematic Breadth and Interdisciplinary Breadth Teaching Methods and Techniques Lectures: Traditional method where the instructor presents information to the class. Effective for delivering large amounts of content efficiently. Presentation: Interactive sessions that allow for deeper discussion, hands-on practice, and exploration of specific topics. Group Projects: Collaborative work that encourages teamwork and application of concepts in a practical context. Problem-Based Learning (PBL): Students work on complex, real-world problems, which helps develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Flipped Classroom: Students review lecture material at home and engage in interactive activities during class time to deepen understanding. Online Learning Modules: Use of digital platforms for delivering content, quizzes, and interactive activities that allow for flexible learning. Assessments and Feedback: Regular evaluations through quizzes, exams, and assignments, coupled with constructive feedback to guide learning progress. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Define Anatomy and Its Importance: Understand the role of anatomy in medical science and healthcare. Classify Types of Bones: Identify and classify the four main types of bones: long, short, flat, and irregular. Describe the Structure of Bones: Explain the macroscopic and microscopic structure of bones, including components like the diaphysis, epiphysis, periosteum, and bone cells (osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts). Understand Bone Functions: Recognize the major functions of bones, such as support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation (hematopoiesis). Explain Bone Development: Explore the processes of ossification and bone growth, distinguishing between intramembranous and endochondral ossification. Discuss Bone Remodeling and Healing: Understand how bones undergo continuous remodeling and the steps involved in fracture healing. Apply Anatomical Terminology: Use anatomical terms to describe the location and structure of bones within the skeletal system. Anatomy means to cut the body in order to examine the parts and there relations to one another. Anatomy is the branch of science that deals with the structure of organisms and their parts. Derived from the Greek word "anatome," meaning dissection, it involves studying the organization and arrangement of the body, including the relationships between different structures. BONE A bone is a rigid structure in the body that provides support, protection, and aids in movement. It also stores minerals like calcium, produces blood cells in the bone marrow, and stores fat for energy. Bones are made of a tough outer layer (compact bone) and a spongy inner layer (spongy bone).  The human skeletal system comprises 206 bones, joints, and cartilage. Bones provide structural support, protect organs, enable movement, and store minerals. Joints connect bones, allowing mobility, while cartilage covers joint surfaces, reducing friction. The skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton (80 bones of the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage) and the appendicular skeleton (126 bones of the limbs and girdles).  The Axial Skeleton The axial skeleton consists of 80 bones that form the central axis of the body, including: Skull: Comprising the cranium and facial bones. Vertebral column: Including 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx. Thoracic cage: 12 pairs of ribs and the sternum. The Appendicular Skeleton The appendicular skeleton includes 126 bones involved in movement and limb support: Pectoral girdle: Consists of the clavicles and scapulae (shoulder blades). Upper limbs: Includes the humerus (upper arm), radius and ulna (forearm), carpals (wrist bones), metacarpals (hand bones), and phalanges (finger bones). Pelvic girdle: Formed by the hip bones (ilium, ischium, and pubis). Lower limbs: Includes the femur (thigh bone), tibia and fibula (leg bones), tarsals (ankle bones), metatarsals (foot bones), and phalanges (toe bones). T h e The sternum Flat bone T h e The sternum Flat bone T h e The sternum Flat bone T h e The sternum Flat bone T h e The sternum Flat bone T h e The sternum Flat bone Classification of Ribs There are twelve pairs of ribs, each terminating anteriorly in a costal cartilage. True Ribs: the costal cartilages of the upper seven ribs articulate directly with the sternum, known as TRUE RIBS. False Ribs: Costal cartilages lower five do not articulate directly to the sternum called as FALSE RIBS. CLAVICLE The clavicle is a long bone. It supports the shoulder. The clavicle transmit the weight of the limb to the sternum. The bone has shaft and two ends medial and lateral. CLAVICLE  CLAVICLE General Structure: The clavicle is classified as a long bone and has a slight S-shape, with two main curvatures: The medial (sternal) end is rounded and articulates with the sternum. The lateral (acromial) end is flattened and articulates with the acromion of the scapula. Surfaces: The clavicle has two primary surfaces: Superior surface: Smooth and convex, serves as the site for muscle attachments (e.g., the platysma and sternocleidomastoid muscles). Inferior surface: Rougher, featuring various tuberosities and grooves for muscle and ligament attachment. Borders: The clavicle has two borders: Anterior border: Provides attachment for muscles such as the deltoid and pectoralis major. Posterior border: Features the conoid tubercle and trapezoid line, which serve as attachment points for the coracoclavicular ligament.  Side Determination The lateral end is flat and medial end is large quadrilateral. The shaft is slightly curved, it is convex forward in its medial 2/3 and concave forward in its lateral 1/3. The inferior surface has grooved longitudinally in its middle 1/3.  Important Features Medial (Sternal) End: Articulates with the manubrium of the sternum at the sternoclavicular joint. It has a larger, rounded shape. Lateral (Acromial) End: Articulates with the acromion of the scapula at the acromioclavicular joint. Flatter and broader than the medial end. Conoid Tubercle: Located on the inferior surface of the lateral end. Serves as the attachment point for the conoid part of the coracoclavicular ligament. Trapezoid Line: Runs laterally from the conoid tubercle. Provides attachment for the trapezoid part of the coracoclavicular ligament. Grooves: The inferior surface has a subclavian groove, which accommodates the subclavius muscle.  Clinical Significance The clavicle is most commonly fractured by falling. The most common site of fracture is the junction b/w two curvatures of the bone which is the weakest point. The clavicle is one of the most commonly fractured bones in the body, often due to falls or direct trauma. Surgical Relevance: Understanding the anatomy of the clavicle is crucial for surgeries involving the shoulder and upper limb. Variability: The shape and size of the clavicle can vary among individuals, which may impact shoulder mobility and function.  Depressions and Openings Foramen an opening through which blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments pass Meatus a tube like passageway running within a bone Paranasal an air-filled cavity within a bone sinus connected to the nasal cavity Fossa a depression in or on a bone  Processes that form Joints Condyle a large, rounded articular prominence Head a rounded articular projection supported on the constricted portion (neck) of a bone Facet a smooth, flat surface Processes to which tendons, ligaments and other connective tissues attach Tuberosity a large, rounded, usually roughened process Spinous a sharp, slender projection Process Trochanter a large, blunt projection found only on the femur Crest a prominent border or ridge SCAPULA SCAPULA General Shape and Location: The scapula is a bilateral bone that sits on the posterior aspect of the thoracic cage. It has a flat and triangular shape, with a superior border, medial (vertebral) border, and lateral (axillary) border. Surfaces: Costal (anterior) Surface: This surface is concave and faces the ribcage. It provides attachment for the subscapularis muscle. Dorsal (posterior) Surface: This surface is convex and features the spine of the scapula, which divides it into the supraspinous and infraspinous fossa  Borders: Superior Border: Shortest border, contains the scapular notch, which serves as a passage for the suprascapular nerve. Medial Border: Longest border, runs parallel to the vertebral column. Lateral Border: Thickest border, extends from the glenoid cavity to the inferior angle. Angles: Superior Angle: Formed by the junction of the superior and medial borders. Inferior Angle: Formed by the junction of the medial and lateral borders; it is the lowest point of the scapula. Lateral Angle: Contains the glenoid cavity, which articulates with the head of the humerus to form the shoulder joint. Major Landmarks 1.Glenoid Cavity: A shallow socket that articulates with the head of the humerus, forming the glenohumeral joint. 2.Spine of the Scapula: A prominent ridge on the posterior surface that extends from the medial border to the acromion. 3.Acromion: The lateral extension of the spine of the scapula that articulates with the clavicle. 4.Coracoid Process: A small, hook-like projection on the anterior surface that serves as an attachment site for ligaments and muscles. 5.Supraspinous Fossa: A depression above the spine, which provides attachment for the supraspinatus muscle. 6.Infraspinous Fossa: A larger depression below the spine, providing attachment for the infraspinatus muscle. 7.Subscapular Fossa: The large concave area on the anterior surface for the attachment of the subscapularis muscle. Joints and Articulations Glenohumeral Joint: The scapula articulates with the humerus at the glenoid cavity, allowing for a wide range of shoulder movements. Acromioclavicular Joint: The acromion articulates with the clavicle, forming the acromioclavicular joint, which helps stabilize the shoulder girdle. Scapulothoracic Joint: The scapula moves over the thoracic wall, allowing for various shoulder movements. Functions Muscle Attachment: Provides sites for numerous muscles, including the rotator cuff muscles, deltoid, trapezius, and rhomboids, which facilitate shoulder movement and stability. Shoulder Mobility: The scapula's articulation with the humerus allows for the wide range of motion necessary for upper limb activities. Muscles Attachment:- LIGAMENT ATTACHMENT 1-The coraco-acromial ligament is attached to the lateral border of coracoid process and medial side of the tip of the acromion process. 2-The coraco-humeral ligament is attached to the root of coracoid process. 3- The coraco-clavicular ligament is attached to the coracoid process.  Clinical Scapular Wingings: Medial border protrudes due to weakness of the serratus anterior (often from long thoracic nerve injury). Symptoms: difficulty moving the arm and shoulder instability. Glenohumeral Joint Instability: Caused by injuries or dislocations affecting the shoulder. Symptoms: pain, looseness, limited motion. HUMERUS HUMERUS The humerus is the long bone of the upper arm and is essential for a wide range of movements at the shoulder and elbow joints. Gross Anatomy of the Humerus 1.Proximal End: 1. Head: A rounded, smooth surface that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula, forming the shoulder joint. 2. Anatomical Neck: A slight constriction just below the head. 3. Greater Tubercle: A large, lateral projection where muscles such as the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor attach. 4. Lesser Tubercle: A smaller projection on the anterior surface, serving as the attachment point for the subscapularis muscle. 5. Intertubercular Groove (Bicipital Groove): A depression between the greater and lesser tubercles, housing the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii. Shaft (Diaphysis): Deltoid Tuberosity: A roughened area on the lateral side of the humerus, where the deltoid muscle attaches. Radial Groove: A groove on the posterior side that accommodates the radial nerve and deep brachial artery. Distal End: Capitulum: A rounded knob on the lateral side that articulates with the radius at the elbow joint. Trochlea: A spool-shaped structure on the medial side that articulates with the ulna. Medial and Lateral Epicondyles: Bony prominences on either side of the distal end, serving as attachment points for forearm muscles and ligaments. Coronoid Fossa: A depression on the anterior side, accommodating the coronoid process of the ulna during flexion. Olecranon Fossa: A larger depression on the posterior side that accommodates the olecranon process of the ulna during extension. Radial Fossa: A shallow depression above the capitulum, accommodating the head of the radius during flexion. Important Landmarks Bone Marks: These include tubercles, tuberosities, and epicondyles, which serve as attachment sites for muscles and ligaments. Groove: It features grooves and fossa that play vital roles in articulating with other bones and accommodating tendons. Functions Movement: The humerus allows for a wide range of movements at the shoulder and elbow joints, including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. Support: It provides structural support to the upper limb, facilitating the transfer of forces during activities such as lifting, throwing, and pushing.  Types of Fractures: Proximal Humerus Fractures: Common in elderly individuals, often due to falls. These fractures can involve the surgical neck, anatomical neck, or greater/lesser tubercles. They can lead to complications such as avascular necrosis of the humeral head. Shaft Fractures: Usually the result of direct trauma or falls. These fractures can disrupt the radial nerve, leading to wrist drop. Distal Humerus Fractures: Often occur in the context of elbow injuries and can be intra-articular, leading to complications in elbow function. Anatomical Neck Location: The anatomical neck is located just below the head of the humerus, where the bone transitions from the head to the shaft. Structure: It is a slight constriction that encircles the humeral head and serves as the site for the attachment of the glenohumeral joint capsule. Clinical Relevance: The anatomical neck is important in shoulder dislocations and fractures. Fractures in this region can affect the vascular supply to the humeral head, increasing the risk of avascular necrosis. Surgical Neck Location: The surgical neck is located further down the shaft of the humerus, below the greater and lesser tubercles, where the bone narrows before transitioning into the diaphysis. Structure: It is a common site for fractures, which often occur due to falls or direct trauma to the shoulder. Clinical Relevance: Fractures at the surgical neck can lead to complications, including damage to the axillary nerve, which innervates the deltoid and teres minor muscles, potentially resulting in shoulder weakness and loss of sensation over the lateral aspect of the shoulder.  Condyles: Medial Condyle (Trochlea): This spool-shaped structure articulates with the ulna, allowing for flexion and extension at the elbow. Lateral Condyle (Capitulum): This rounded structure articulates with the head of the radius, facilitating movement during forearm rotation. Epicondyles: Medial Epicondyle: A prominent bony projection on the medial side, serving as an attachment site for the forearm flexor muscles and ligaments. Lateral Epicondyle: A smaller projection on the lateral side, providing attachment for the forearm extensor muscles. Coronoid Fossa: A shallow depression located anteriorly, allowing the coronoid process of the ulna to fit during elbow flexion. Olecranon Fossa: A deep depression on the posterior side that accommodates the olecranon process of the ulna during elbow extension. Radial Fossa: A small depression on the anterior surface above the capitulum, accommodating the head of the radius during elbow flexion.  HUMERUS SUPRACONDYLAR FRACTURE:  1- COMMON IN YOUNG AGE.  2- LOWER SEGMENT IS DIPLACED POSTERIORLY SO ELBOW IS VERY PROMINENT.  3- THIS FRACTURE MAY CAUSE INJURY TO MEDIAN NERVE.  4- CAN ALSO CAUSE VOLKMANN’S CONTRACTURE AS A RESULT OF OCCLUSION OR BLOCK OF BRACHIAL ARTERY.  HUMERUS Radial Nerve Injury: Often occurs with mid-shaft humeral fractures, resulting in wrist drop, loss of finger extension, and weakness in elbow extension. Axillary Nerve Injury: May occur with proximal humeral fractures, leading to loss of sensation over the lateral shoulder and weakness in shoulder abduction (due to deltoid muscle involvement).  RADIUS General Features Location: The radius is located on the lateral side of the forearm (thumb side) when in the anatomical position. Length: It is shorter than the ulna, averaging about 23 cm in length in adults RADIUS The radius can be divided into three main parts: the proximal end, the shaft (body), and the distal end. 1. Proximal End Head: The rounded head articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna, allowing for rotation at the elbow joint. Neck: The neck is the narrow area just below the head. Radial Tuberosity: A bony prominence located just below the neck on the medial side, serving as the attachment site for the biceps brachii muscle.  RADIUS 2. Shaft Triangular Shape: The shaft is triangular in cross- section and has three borders: Interosseous Border: Faces the ulna and serves as the attachment site for the interosseous membrane. Anterior Border: Sharp and palpable along the forearm. Posterior Border: Less prominent than the anterior border. Muscle Attachments: The shaft provides attachment points for several muscles, including the brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus, and extensor carpi radialis brevis.  RADIUS 3. Distal End Styloid Process: A prominent projection on the lateral side that can be palpated at the wrist. Ulnar Notch: A depression on the medial side that articulates with the head of the ulna, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Carpal Articular Surface: The distal end has a surface that articulates with the carpal bones (specifically, the scaphoid and lunate bones) to form the wrist joint. RADIUS Landmarks and Features Dorsal Tubercle (Lister's Tubercle): A bony prominence on the dorsal surface of the distal radius that serves as a pulley for the extensor tendons. Nutrient Foramen: Small openings in the bone that allow blood vessels to enter and nourish the bone. Fractures: The radius is commonly fractured, especially the distal end (Colles' fracture) due to falls on an outstretched hand.  ULNA General Features The ulna is the longer of the two bones in the forearm, situated on the medial side (closer to the body when in the anatomical position). It runs parallel to the radius and plays a significant role in the movement of the arm, especially at the elbow joint.  ULNA Olecranon Process: The prominent, large projection at the proximal end of the ulna. Forms the tip of the elbow and serves as the attachment site for the triceps brachii muscle. Coronoid Process: A triangular projection below the olecranon process. Provides attachment for muscles and helps form part of the elbow joint. Trochlear Notch: The large, C-shaped notch between the olecranon and coronoid processes. Articulates with the trochlea of the humerus to form the hinge part of the elbow joint. Radial Notch: A small, shallow depression located laterally below the trochlear notch. Articulates with the head of the radius.  ULNA Shaft (Body): The long, slightly curved middle part of the ulna. Triangular in cross-section and has three surfaces: anterior, posterior, and medial. Interosseous Border: The sharp edge along the lateral side of the ulna. Provides attachment for the interosseous membrane, which connects the ulna and radius. Styloid Process: A pointed projection at the distal end of the ulna. Provides attachment for the ulnar collateral ligament of the wrist joint. Head of Ulna: The rounded distal end of the ulna. Articulates with the ulnar notch of the radius at the distal radioulnar joint, allowing for pronation and supination of the forearm.  ULNA Key Landmarks: Ulnar Tuberosity: Just below the coronoid process, it serves as an attachment point for the brachialis muscle. Supinator Crest: A ridge on the lateral side of the ulna that provides attachment for the supinator muscle. The ulna articulates with the humerus at the elbow joint and with the radius at both the proximal and distal radioulnar joints. Nightstick Fracture: A fracture of the midshaft of the ulna, typically caused by a direct blow to the forearm  Carpal Bones These bones allow complex movements of the wrist, including flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. The carpal bones form articulations with the metacarpal bones of the hand and the bones of the forearm, particularly the radius. Bones of the hand: The hand has three groups of bones: Carpal bones (8) Metacarpal (5) Phalanges (14) Carpal bones (Bones of the wrist or Carpus) Proximal row: Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Distal row: Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate (She Looks Too Pretty Try To Catch Her) Metacarpals (5) consist of Base (proximal)—articulate with distal row of carpal bones Body Head (distal)—articulate with proximal phalanges. Phalanges (14) Each digit has three phalanges: proximal, middle, and distal, except for Thumb (has two) Each phalanx has a base (proximal), body, and head (distal) Decrease in size from proximal to distal Carpal Tunnel The carpal bones do not lie in a flat coronal plane but they form an arch (carpal arch). The flexor retinaculum is a thick connective tissue ligament that bridges the concavity of the carpal bones. It attaches laterally to the scaphoid and trapezium and medially to the pisiform and hamate. The flexor retinaculum converts the carpal arch into a tunnel (carpal tunnel). The tendons of long flexor muscles ( flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus, and the median nerve passes through the tunnel. The median nerve might be compressed while passing through the carpal tunnel. Symptoms: Patients may report pain along the distribution of the median nerve. In addition there will wasting (loss of muscle bulk) of the thenar muscles (muscles of the ball of the thumb) Treatment: If conservative treatment (anti-inflamatory medication) failed, surgical incision of the flexor retinaculum usually relieves the symptoms  | WHAT TO TAKE HOME? | Key takeaways from the Introduction of Anatomy and Bone course: Anatomy: The study of the structure of the human body and its parts. Branches:Gross Anatomy: Large structures visible to the naked eye. Microscopic Anatomy: Cells and tissues (histology). Developmental Anatomy: Body changes from conception to old age. Importance:Provides a foundation for medical knowledge essential for diagnosing and treating diseases.Informs clinical applications like surgeries and assessments. Bones: Rigid organs forming the skeleton with vital functions. Functions:Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell production. Classification of Bones:Long Bones: (e.g., femur)Short Bones: (e.g., carpals)Flat Bones: (e.g., skull)Irregular Bones: (e.g., vertebrae)Sesamoid Bones: (e.g., patella) Bone Structure:Compact Bone: Dense and strong.Spongy Bone: Lighter, contains marrow.Bone Marrow: Produces blood cells. Bone Development:Ossification: Bone formation starting in the fetal stage, including intramembranous and endochondral types.Remodeling: Replacement of old bone with new tissue. Clinical Relevance:Fractures: Breaks due to trauma.Osteoporosis: Weak bones from mass loss.Bone Infections: Conditions like osteomyelitis.  | QUESTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS | Questions: General Anatomy: How does anatomy advance medical science? What challenges do students face in studying anatomy, and how can they overcome them? Bone Functions: How do bones adapt to stress and activity? What can we learn about evolution from bone functions in different species? Clinical Relevance: What are the latest treatments for bone-related conditions? Suggestions: Interactive Learning: Use 3D anatomy apps for visualization. Clinical Cases: Study case studies that highlight anatomical knowledge in practice. Dissection or Models: Engage in dissection labs or use anatomical models. Comparative Anatomy: Explore skeletal systems of different species. Research Articles: Read recent research on bone health and treatments  | RECOMMENDED WEEKLY STUDIES | Day 1: Introduction to Anatomy Study definitions and branches. Day 2: Importance of Anatomy Explore its medical relevance and case studies. Day 3: Introduction to Bones Learn bone functions; use interactive apps. Day 4: Bone Classification Study bone types and create diagrams. Day 5: Bone Structure Compare compact and spongy bone. Day 6: Bone Development Learn ossification and remodeling; create a timeline. Day 7: Clinical Relevance Study fractures and osteoporosis; read recent articles.  | REFERENCES | Gray's Anatomy for Students – Detailed anatomy textbook. Terminologia Anatomica – Standard for anatomical terms. Human Anatomy & Physiology – Comprehensive guide to body systems. Atlas of Human Anatomy – Visual reference for anatomy. Essential Clinical Anatomy – Combines clinical applications with anatomy.  | ABOUT THE NEXT WEEK | Next Week’s Topic: Anatomy of Bone Bone Structure: Compact Bone: Dense outer layer; strength. Spongy Bone: Lighter inner structure; contains marrow. Bone Marrow: Red (blood cell production) and yellow (fat storage). Bone Anatomy Features:Diaphysis, Epiphysis, Metaphysis, Articular Cartilage, Periosteum. Bone Development:Ossification: Formation processes; Growth Plates: Lengthening. Bone Health:Importance of calcium and vitamin D; disorders like osteoporosis. Clinical Relevance:Imaging (X-rays, MRIs) and surgical considerations.  ………….. – ………………………… Since course presentations are private, using the texts and images contained herein on social media or else without permission from the course instructor is against the regulations Law No. 6698.