Anatomy Chapter: Regional and Planes

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Questions and Answers

Which anatomical plane divides the body into unequal right and left portions?

Sagittal plane (correct)

Transverse plane

Median plane

Frontal plane

In anatomical terms, what is the directional term to describe something closer to the surface of the body?

Intermediate

Superficial (correct)

Medial

Deep

Which is an example of dorsiflexion?

Walking downhill

Standing on tiptoes

Pointing your toes downwards

Lifting the front of the foot and toes off the ground (correct)

What is the term for the anterior surface of the hand?

Palmar Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT part of the axial skeleton?

Clavicle Signup and view all the answers

Movement in the sagittal plane occurs around which axis?

Transverse Axis Signup and view all the answers

In anatomical terms, what describes a structure further from the trunk?

Distal Signup and view all the answers

Which action decreases the angle between bones or parts of the body?

Flexion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the structure of a spongy bone?

Inner meshwork of trabeculae and spaces Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a bone crest?

To serve as an attachment point for muscles Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint is exemplified by the connection between the radius and ulna?

Syndesmoses joint Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement is not associated with a condyloid joint?

Rotation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the three primary factors contributing to joint stability?

Bone density Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic of a saddle joint?

It has concave and convex articulating surfaces. Signup and view all the answers

Where is a trochanter located and what is its function?

Located only on the femur, it is a large protrusion for muscle attachment Signup and view all the answers

Which of these joints is the least mobile?

Sutures Signup and view all the answers

Which movement occurs in the frontal plane around an anteroposterior axis?

Abduction Signup and view all the answers

What is the specific movement of spreading the fingers apart referred to as?

Abduction Signup and view all the answers

Which type of specialized abduction is specific to the neck and trunk?

Lateral Flexion Signup and view all the answers

What is the outermost layer of the skin?

Epidermis Signup and view all the answers

Which epidermal cell is responsible for immune response?

Langerhans Signup and view all the answers

What are the membrane-coating granules (MCGs) in skin responsible for?

Sealing spaces between keratinocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the hypodermis?

Containment of Adipose (fat) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skin?

Regulation of blood glucose Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue type is the dermis primarily composed of?

Connective Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle is both involuntary and only found in the heart?

Cardiac muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of the muscle 'belly'?

The fleshy, contractile part of the muscle Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a flat bone?

Scapula Signup and view all the answers

What are the two heads of the Biceps Brachii muscle?

Long and Short Signup and view all the answers

What type of bone is developed through ossification in membrane?

Intramembranous Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a property of skeletal muscle?

Involuntary Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Regional/Topographical Anatomy

Axial Skeleton comprises: ribs, sacrum, skull, and vertebral column.
Appendicular Skeleton includes: clavicle, limbs (upper/lower), and pelvis (hip bone).

Anatomical Position

Body upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms forward, feet parallel and close together.

Anatomical Planes

Median Plane: Divides body into equal right and left halves along the midline.
Sagittal Plane: Divides body into unequal right and left halves.
Frontal/Coronal Plane: Divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts.
Transverse Plane: Divides body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts.

Anatomical Positions

Relative to Surface:
- Superficial: Closer to the surface.
- Intermediate: Between superficial and deep.
- Deep: Farther from the surface.
Relative to Median Plane:
- Medial: Closer to the median plane.
- Lateral: Farther from the median plane.
Relative to Front/Back:
- Posterior/Dorsal: Closer to the back.
- Anterior/Ventral: Closer to the front.
Relative to Head/Feet:
- Inferior/Caudal: Closer to the feet.
- Superior/Cranial: Closer to the head.
Relative to Trunk:
- Proximal: Closer to the trunk.
- Distal: Farther from the trunk.
Hand and Foot:
- Palmar: Anterior surface of the hand (palm).
- Dorsal (Hand): Posterior surface of the hand (back of hand).
- Plantar: Inferior surface of the foot (sole).
- Dorsal (Foot): Superior surface of the foot (top of foot).

Anatomical Actions

Flexion and Extension: Occur in the sagittal plane around a transverse axis.
- Flexion: Decreasing angle between bones (bending).
  - Most joints: Anterior movement.
  - Knee joint: Posterior movement.
  - Dorsiflexion: Flexion at ankle (e.g., walking uphill).
  - Plantarflexion: Bending foot toward ground (e.g., standing on toes).
- Extension: Increasing angle between bones (straightening).
  - Most joints: Posterior movement.
  - Knee joint: Anterior movement.
Abduction and Adduction: Occur in the frontal plane around an anteroposterior axis.
- Abduction: Movement away from median plane (except fingers/toes). - Example: Moving an upper limb away from the body. - Fingers/Toes: Spreading apart.
- Adduction: Movement toward the median plane (except fingers/toes). - Example: Moving an upper limb toward the body. - Fingers/Toes: Bringing them closer together.
Lateral Flexion/Bending: A form of abduction specific to the neck and trunk.
- Upper trunk/face: Remains in anterior direction.
- Head/shoulders: Tilt right or left, bending the body's midline sideways.
- Compound movement among vertebrae.
Pronation and Supination: Rotational movements of the forearm and hand.
- Pronation: Radius rotates medially, crossing over ulna.
- Supination: Radius rotates laterally, uncrossing from ulna.

Integumentary System

Basic Tissues: Connective, epithelial, muscle, and nerve tissues.
Skin Layers (outermost to innermost): Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (superficial fascia).
- Epidermis: Epithelial tissue; contains melanocytes; avascular, thicker in areas of high wear.
  - Keratin: Replaces cytoplasm to strengthen and protect.
  - 4 cell types: keratinocytes, Langerhans, melanocytes, merkel.
    - Melanocytes in stratum basale, synthesize melanin in melanosomes.
    - Melanosomes transferred to keratinocytes.
    - Langerhans: Immune response.
    - Merkel: Touch receptors.
- Dermis: Connective tissue; contains glands, hair follicles, and sensory nerve endings.
- Hypodermis: Connective tissue containing adipose (fat).
Accessory Structures: Glands, hair, and nails.
Skin Functions: Protection (infection/dehydration), temperature regulation, sensory reception (pain, temperature, touch).
- Protection via Membrane-Coating Granules (MCGs) that seal spaces between keratinocytes.
- Temperature regulation via vasoconstriction (heat conservation), vasodilation (heat loss), and sweating.

Muscular System

Muscle Types: Cardiac (involuntary, heart), skeletal (voluntary, attached to bones), smooth (involuntary, visceral organs/vessels).
Skeletal Muscle Functions: Heat/energy production, posture maintenance, organ protection, voluntary movement.
Skeletal Muscle Properties: Contractibility, excitability, extensibility, elasticity.
Muscle Fiber: Single, multinucleated, long cell spanning entire muscle length.
Skeletal Muscle Contraction: Via myofilaments.
Connective Tissue Coverings: Epimysium (entire muscle), perimysium (muscle fascicles), endomysium (individual muscle fibers).
Muscle Attachment:
- Origin/Proximal: Fixed end, stationary bone during contraction.
- Insertion/Distal: Movable end, moving bone.
- Belly: Fleshy and contractile part.
- Tendon: Rounded, fibrous, non-contractile cord connecting muscle to bone.
Biceps Brachii:
- Two heads: long and short.
- Origin (Long Head): Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula.
- Origin (Short Head): Coracoid process of scapula.
- Insertion: Radial tuberosity and bicipital aponeurosis.
- Compartment: Flexor/anterior.
- Antagonist: Triceps.

Skeletal System

Bone Classification by Shape: Long (femur, tibia), short (carpal, tarsal), flat (skull, ribs, sternum, scapula), pneumatic (maxilla, sphenoid, ethmoid), irregular (vertebrae, hip bone, skull base), sesamoid (patella, pisiform).
Bone Classification by Development: Intramembranous (skull flat bones), endochondral (limb/digit long bones).
Bone Classification by Structure: Compact (outer), spongy (inner trabeculae).
Bone Parts: Head, neck, shaft, crest, condyle, fossa, epicondyle, tubercle, tuberosity, trochanter, foramen.
Joint Stability Factors: Articular surface shape, ligaments, and muscle tone.
Joint Types: Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial.
Fibrous Joints: Sutures (immovable), gomphosis (slightly movable), syndesmoses (slightly movable).
Cartilaginous Joints: Primary (synchondroses), secondary (symphyses).
Synovial Joints: Hinge, pivot, saddle, condyloid, plane, ball-and-socket.

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Description

Test your knowledge on regional and topographical anatomy, including the axial and appendicular skeleton, as well as anatomical positions and planes. This quiz covers key concepts that are essential for understanding human anatomy. Perfect for students in anatomy courses or anyone interested in the subject.