Anatomy Chapter 3 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What four elements make up the bulk of cell structure?

hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen

Why are electrolytes, particularly Na and K ions, so important to body function?

They carry an electrical charge that allows nerve impulses to be transmitted and allow the muscles to contract

What is a generalized cell?

A cell that acts like the majority of other cells in terms of organelles and functions

What is the general function of the cell nucleus?

It is the control center and is essential for cell division Signup and view all the answers

What is the nuclear envelope?

the double membrane barrier that binds the nucleus Signup and view all the answers

Why do phospholipids organize into a bilayer, tail to tail, in an aqueous environment?

Their heads are hydrophilic and want to be near the water inside and outside of the nucleus, while the tails are hydrophobic Signup and view all the answers

What are the roles of the sugar-coated proteins that attach to the external faces of membrane function play?

They determine blood type, act as receptors, and play a role in cell-to-cell interactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the special function of gap junctions?

allows communication Signup and view all the answers

What is the special function of tight junctions?

play a role in binding together Signup and view all the answers

How do the cytosol and cytoplasm differ?

cytoplasm is everything inside the cell membrane but outside the nucleus, and cytosol is the fluid that suspends things in the cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

Which two organelles are sacs of enzymes and what is the function of each of these organelles?

Lysosomes-digest worn out or nonuseable materials; Peroxisomes-contain oxidase that uses molecular oxygen to detoxify harmful and poisonous substances Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is the major site of ATP synthesis?

mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

What are the three protein structures that make up the cytoskeleton? Which helps form desmosomes? Which is involved in cell motility?

intermediate filaments, microfilaments, and microtubules; intermediate filaments help form desmosomes; microfilaments are involved in cell motility Signup and view all the answers

Name the two cell types involved in connecting body parts or regions?

fibroblasts and erythrocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of a neuron?

receives and transmits messages and controls body functions Signup and view all the answers

What determines whether a membrane transport process is active or passive?

active transport occurs when the cell provides energy (ATP) that drives the transport process. Passive transport occurs when no energy input is used to transport substances Signup and view all the answers

How are concentration gradients involved in passive transport processes?

they move molecules down them in the natural direction from high to low concentration; therefore no ATP is provided Signup and view all the answers

Which vesicular transport process moves large particles into the cell?

endocytosis (specifically phagocytosis) Signup and view all the answers

Which process is more selective- pinocytosis or receptor mediated endocytosis?

receptor mediated endocytosis Signup and view all the answers

How do the terms template strand and complementary relate to DNA synthesis?

template strand is the strand of DNA that contains instructions for building a new and complementary nucleotide strand. DNA strands join in complementary ways, which means they bond with opposites Signup and view all the answers

What results if cytokinesis does not happen?

multinucleate cells form, AKA binucleate (2 nuclei) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?

it carries instructions for protein synthesis from DNA gene to ribosomes Signup and view all the answers

What are the two stages of protein synthesis, and in which stage are proteins actually synthesized?

transcription and translation (actual protein synthesis) Signup and view all the answers

What two criteria are used to classify epithelial tissues?

cell shape and cell arrangement Signup and view all the answers

How do endocrine and exocrine glands differ in structure and function?

Endocrine glands are ductless and produce hormones, while exocrine glands have ducts that carry the secretion to a free area Signup and view all the answers

How do connective tissues differ significantly from other tissues?

they produce a nonliving matrix, the extracellular matrix Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Structure and Function

Four primary elements contributing to cell structure: hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen.
Electrolytes like sodium (Na) and potassium (K) ions are crucial for electrical charge, allowing nerve impulses and muscle contractions.
Generalized cells share common organelles and functions typical of most cells.

Cell Components

The nucleus acts as the control center, vital for cell division.
Nuclear envelope consists of a double membrane that encases the nucleus.
Phospholipids create a bilayer in aqueous environments due to hydrophilic heads attracting water and hydrophobic tails repelling it.

Membrane Proteins and Intercellular Communication

Sugar-coated proteins on membranes determine blood types, function as receptors, and facilitate cell-to-cell interactions.
Gap junctions enable cellular communication, while tight junctions serve to bind cells together.

Cytosol vs. Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm includes all cellular contents within the membrane but outside the nucleus, while cytosol is the fluid part suspending cellular structures.

Organelles and Their Functions

Lysosomes digest worn-out organelles and unwanted materials; peroxisomes detoxify harmful substances using oxidase and molecular oxygen.
Mitochondria serve as the primary site for ATP synthesis.

Cytoskeleton and Cell Types

Cytoskeleton comprises intermediate filaments, microfilaments, and microtubules; intermediate filaments help form desmosomes, while microfilaments aid in cell mobility.
Fibroblasts and erythrocytes are key cell types involved in connecting various body regions.

Neurons and Membrane Transport

Neurons are responsible for receiving and transmitting messages, controlling body functions.
Membrane transport is categorized as active (requires ATP) or passive (no energy used).

Concentration Gradients and Vesicular Transport

Passive transport relies on concentration gradients, moving substances from high to low concentration without ATP.
Endocytosis, specifically phagocytosis, transports large particles into the cell.

Selectivity in Endocytosis

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is more selective compared to pinocytosis, allowing for specific molecule uptake.

DNA Synthesis

The template strand provides instructions for building a complementary DNA strand, with strands bonding according to complementary base pairing.

Cytokinesis and Protein Synthesis

Failure of cytokinesis leads to multinucleate cells, such as binucleate cells.
mRNA transports instructions for protein synthesis from DNA to ribosomes; protein synthesis occurs during translation, following transcription.

Epithelial Tissue Classification

Epithelial tissues are classified based on cell shape and arrangement.

Glandular Differences

Endocrine glands are ductless, producing hormones directly into the bloodstream, whereas exocrine glands possess ducts for secretion to external areas.

Connective Tissue Characteristics

Connective tissues are distinct for producing a nonliving extracellular matrix, which supports and organizes the cellular components.

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Test your knowledge of Anatomy Chapter 3 with these flashcards. Covering key concepts like the elements of cell structure and the importance of electrolytes, this quiz helps reinforce your understanding of essential biological functions.