Questions and Answers
What four elements make up the bulk of cell structure?
hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen
Why are electrolytes, particularly Na and K ions, so important to body function?
They carry an electrical charge that allows nerve impulses to be transmitted and allow the muscles to contract
What is a generalized cell?
A cell that acts like the majority of other cells in terms of organelles and functions
What is the general function of the cell nucleus?
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What is the nuclear envelope?
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Why do phospholipids organize into a bilayer, tail to tail, in an aqueous environment?
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What are the roles of the sugar-coated proteins that attach to the external faces of membrane function play?
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What is the special function of gap junctions?
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What is the special function of tight junctions?
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How do the cytosol and cytoplasm differ?
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Which two organelles are sacs of enzymes and what is the function of each of these organelles?
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Which organelle is the major site of ATP synthesis?
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What are the three protein structures that make up the cytoskeleton? Which helps form desmosomes? Which is involved in cell motility?
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Name the two cell types involved in connecting body parts or regions?
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What is the main function of a neuron?
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What determines whether a membrane transport process is active or passive?
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How are concentration gradients involved in passive transport processes?
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Which vesicular transport process moves large particles into the cell?
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Which process is more selective- pinocytosis or receptor mediated endocytosis?
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How do the terms template strand and complementary relate to DNA synthesis?
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What results if cytokinesis does not happen?
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What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?
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What are the two stages of protein synthesis, and in which stage are proteins actually synthesized?
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What two criteria are used to classify epithelial tissues?
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How do endocrine and exocrine glands differ in structure and function?
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How do connective tissues differ significantly from other tissues?
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Study Notes
Cell Structure and Function
- Four primary elements contributing to cell structure: hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen.
- Electrolytes like sodium (Na) and potassium (K) ions are crucial for electrical charge, allowing nerve impulses and muscle contractions.
- Generalized cells share common organelles and functions typical of most cells.
Cell Components
- The nucleus acts as the control center, vital for cell division.
- Nuclear envelope consists of a double membrane that encases the nucleus.
- Phospholipids create a bilayer in aqueous environments due to hydrophilic heads attracting water and hydrophobic tails repelling it.
Membrane Proteins and Intercellular Communication
- Sugar-coated proteins on membranes determine blood types, function as receptors, and facilitate cell-to-cell interactions.
- Gap junctions enable cellular communication, while tight junctions serve to bind cells together.
Cytosol vs. Cytoplasm
- Cytoplasm includes all cellular contents within the membrane but outside the nucleus, while cytosol is the fluid part suspending cellular structures.
Organelles and Their Functions
- Lysosomes digest worn-out organelles and unwanted materials; peroxisomes detoxify harmful substances using oxidase and molecular oxygen.
- Mitochondria serve as the primary site for ATP synthesis.
Cytoskeleton and Cell Types
- Cytoskeleton comprises intermediate filaments, microfilaments, and microtubules; intermediate filaments help form desmosomes, while microfilaments aid in cell mobility.
- Fibroblasts and erythrocytes are key cell types involved in connecting various body regions.
Neurons and Membrane Transport
- Neurons are responsible for receiving and transmitting messages, controlling body functions.
- Membrane transport is categorized as active (requires ATP) or passive (no energy used).
Concentration Gradients and Vesicular Transport
- Passive transport relies on concentration gradients, moving substances from high to low concentration without ATP.
- Endocytosis, specifically phagocytosis, transports large particles into the cell.
Selectivity in Endocytosis
- Receptor-mediated endocytosis is more selective compared to pinocytosis, allowing for specific molecule uptake.
DNA Synthesis
- The template strand provides instructions for building a complementary DNA strand, with strands bonding according to complementary base pairing.
Cytokinesis and Protein Synthesis
- Failure of cytokinesis leads to multinucleate cells, such as binucleate cells.
- mRNA transports instructions for protein synthesis from DNA to ribosomes; protein synthesis occurs during translation, following transcription.
Epithelial Tissue Classification
- Epithelial tissues are classified based on cell shape and arrangement.
Glandular Differences
- Endocrine glands are ductless, producing hormones directly into the bloodstream, whereas exocrine glands possess ducts for secretion to external areas.
Connective Tissue Characteristics
- Connective tissues are distinct for producing a nonliving extracellular matrix, which supports and organizes the cellular components.
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Test your knowledge of Anatomy Chapter 3 with these flashcards. Covering key concepts like the elements of cell structure and the importance of electrolytes, this quiz helps reinforce your understanding of essential biological functions.