Questions and Answers
Why do fluids leave the capillaries at the arterial end?
The net filtration pressure of the blood is higher at the arterial end than it is at the venous end.
Approximately what percent of fluid that exits the capillaries at the arterial end reenters the capillaries at the venous end?
90%
Which of the following is not detected by chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies?
Which of the following contains chemoreceptors?
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Which of the following will not increase the heart rate?
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Where are baroreceptors found?
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Action potentials are conducted from the baroreceptors to the brain via which nerve?
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The action potential from the brain to the heart travels along which nerve(s)?
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Blood usually passes through one network of capillaries from the time it leaves the heart until the time it returns, but there are exceptions, notably the __________.
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Where are arterial anastomoses, in which two arteries merge, found?
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What is the best way to estimate the MAP?
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What is(are) the physiological purposes of vasoreflexes?
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How do materials get from the blood to the surrounding tissues?
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Identify the incorrect statement regarding the fundamental causes of edema.
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Which of the following is not a mechanism that assists venous return?
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Which of the following does not aid in venous return?
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Why does exercise increase venous return?
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What does decompensated shock result in?
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What is the main chemical stimulus for cerebral autoregulation?
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During exercise, the adrenal medulla and sympathetic nerves cause which of the following to occur?
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Diastolic pressure is the minimum arterial blood pressure occurring during which of the following?
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Which term refers to the feedback response to blood pressure changes?
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Study Notes
Fluid Exchange in Capillaries
- Fluids exit capillaries at the arterial end due to higher net filtration pressure compared to the venous end.
- Approximately 90% of fluid that leaves capillaries at the arterial end is reabsorbed at the venous end.
Chemoreceptors and Blood Pressure
- Chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies do not detect blood pressure.
- The medulla oblongata contains chemoreceptors that monitor various blood parameters.
Heart Rate Regulation
- Increased blood pressure does not contribute to increased heart rate.
- Baroreceptors, found in carotid sinuses, regulate blood pressure and send action potentials to the brain via the glossopharyngeal nerve.
- The vagus nerve carries action potentials from the brain to the heart.
Capillary Networks and Blood Flow
- Blood typically travels through a single capillary network; exceptions include portal systems and anastomoses.
- Arterial anastomoses, where two arteries merge, are commonly found in coronary circulation.
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
- Mean arterial pressure can be estimated by adding one-third of the pulse pressure to the diastolic pressure.
Vasoreflexes
- Vasoreflexes serve to adjust overall blood pressure and modify blood flow to specific organs by redistributing blood.
Material Transport
- Exchange of materials between blood and tissues occurs through diffusion, filtration, absorption, and transcytosis.
Edema
- Misconception: Capillary reabsorption does depend on oncotic pressure, contrary to an incorrect statement regarding edema causation.
Venous Return Mechanisms
- Venous return is aided by mechanisms like venous valves and muscle activity; greater central venous pressure relative to venules is not a factor.
Impact of Exercise
- During exercise, venous return increases due to the dilation of blood vessels in skeletal muscles, lungs, and coronary circulation.
Decompensated Shock
- Results in severe ischemia and acidosis of the brainstem, myocardial ischemia, life-threatening positive feedback loops, and disseminated intravascular coagulation.
Cerebral Autoregulation
- The main chemical stimulus driving cerebral autoregulation is pH levels.
Effects of Adrenal Medulla and Sympathetic Nervous System
- During exercise, the adrenal medulla and sympathetic nerves lead to arterioles dilating in response to epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Diastolic Pressure
- Diastolic pressure represents the lowest arterial blood pressure occurring during ventricular relaxation.
Baroreflex
- Baroreflex refers to the feedback mechanism that responds to changes in blood pressure.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the crucial concepts of Chapter 20 related to fluid dynamics in the human body. This quiz covers important definitions and processes, including capillary exchange and chemoreception. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding of vascular physiology.
