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Anatomy Chapter 18 Flashcards
43 Questions
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Anatomy Chapter 18 Flashcards

Created by
@DetachableHydra

Questions and Answers

What is the superior portion of the heart where major blood vessels enter and exit called?

base

What is the inferior point of the heart called?

apex

Describe the location and position of the heart.

the heart is located near the anterior chest wall, directly behind the sternum

Compare the base of the heart with the apex.

<p>the base of the heart is the superior portion where the largest veins and arteries are attached; the apex of the heart is located on the inferior aspect of the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the four chambers of the heart.

<p>left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which heart chamber receives blood from the lungs?

<p>left atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most of the mass of the heart lies to the _____ the midline.

<p>left of</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cavity that contains only the heart called?

<p>pericardial</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the entire space between the pleural cavities containing only the heart, great vessels, thymus, trachea, and esophagus?

<p>mediastinum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily composes the middle layer in the heart wall?

<p>cardiac muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What lines the chambers of the heart and covers the heart valves?

<p>endocardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the visceral pericardium also known as?

<p>epicardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important that cardiac tissue contains many mitochondria and capillaries?

<p>cardiac tissue is metabolically active and dependent on mitochondrial activity to use aerobic respiration to generate ATP and capillaries provide oxygen and nutrients for this process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the coronary sulcus mark?

<p>the border between the atria and ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many pulmonary veins are there?

<p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two chambers dominate the anterior view of the heart?

<p>right atrium and right ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is blood supplied to the myocardium?

<p>the coronary arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the first blood vessels that branch from the aorta?

<p>coronary arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do coronary veins empty into?

<p>right atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which direction do the atrioventricular valves permit blood flow?

<p>in one direction only</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does blood leave the right ventricle?

<p>by passing through the pulmonary valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the cusps of the atrioventricular valves attach to?

<p>chordae tendineae</p> Signup and view all the answers

What valve does blood flow through after entering the heart from the venae cavae?

<p>tricuspid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compared to the right ventricle, what unique characteristic does the left ventricle have?

<p>pumps a greater volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the pulmonary semilunar valve prevent?

<p>backward flow into the right ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the bicuspid, or mitral valve located?

<p>between the left atrium and the left ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the alternate terms for heart contraction and heart relaxation?

<p>the alternate term for heart contraction is systole and the alternate term for heart relaxation is diastole</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is the first heart sound heard?

<p>when the AV valves close</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the isovolumetric contraction phase of ventricular systole, what valves are closed?

<p>atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves are closed</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which valve opens when left ventricular pressure exceeds aortic blood pressure?

<p>aortic valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the normal pacemaker of the heart located?

<p>sinoatrial node</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define autorhythmicity.

<p>is the ability of the heart to contract without neural or hormonal stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the P wave of the electrocardiogram signal?

<p>depolarization of the atria</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the T wave on an ECG tracing represent?

<p>ventricular repolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a faster-than-normal heart rate?

<p>tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a slower-than-normal heart rate?

<p>bradycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Depolarization of the atria corresponds to which ECG wave?

<p>P wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

Depolarization of the ventricles is represented on an electrocardiogram by which complex?

<p>QRS complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure of the heart contains the largest veins and arteries?

<p>base</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are cardiac muscle cells interconnected?

<p>mechanically, chemically, and electrically connected to one another</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the heart does blood returning from the pulmonary circuit first enter?

<p>left atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

From superficial to deep, name the layers of the heart wall.

<p>pericardium, myocardium, endocardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

The right atrium receives blood from all of the following EXCEPT which structure?

<p>pulmonary veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Heart Anatomy Overview

  • The heart's base is the superior area where major blood vessels exit and enter.
  • The apex is the inferior tip of the heart.
  • Located near the anterior chest wall and directly behind the sternum.

Heart Structure

  • The heart consists of four chambers: left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle, and right ventricle.
  • The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.
  • Most of the heart's mass lies left of the midline.

Heart Enclosure

  • The heart is enclosed in the pericardial cavity.
  • The mediastinum contains the heart along with major vessels, thymus, trachea, and esophagus.

Heart Wall Composition

  • The middle layer of the heart wall is primarily made of cardiac muscle cells.
  • Endocardium lines the heart chambers and covers valves, continuous with the vascular endothelium.
  • Visceral pericardium is synonymously termed the epicardium.

Cardiac Physiology

  • Cardiac tissue has abundant mitochondria and capillaries for aerobic respiration and energy supply.
  • Blood is supplied to the myocardium via coronary arteries; these first branch from the aorta.
  • Coronary veins return blood to the right atrium.

Blood Flow Dynamics

  • Atrioventricular valves ensure blood flows in one direction only.
  • Blood exits the right ventricle through the pulmonary valve.
  • Chordae tendineae connect the cusps of the atrioventricular valves to prevent backflow.

Heart Valves

  • Blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae flows into the right atrium through the tricuspid valve.
  • The bicuspid (mitral) valve is situated between the left atrium and left ventricle.
  • The aortic valve opens when left ventricular pressure surpasses aortic blood pressure.

Cardiac Cycle

  • Heart contraction is known as systole; relaxation is termed diastole.
  • The first heart sound occurs when AV valves close.
  • During isovolumetric contraction, both atrioventricular and semilunar valves are closed.

Electrical Activity

  • The sinoatrial node is the natural pacemaker responsible for heart rhythm.
  • Autorhythmicity refers to the heart's ability to contract independently of external inputs.
  • The P wave on an ECG represents atrial depolarization, while the T wave indicates ventricular repolarization.

Heart Rate Variations

  • Tachycardia identifies a fast heart rate, while bradycardia indicates a slow heart rate.

ECG and Heart Structures

  • Depolarization of the ventricles is represented by the QRS complex on an electrocardiogram.
  • The right atrium receives venous return from various sources, excluding the pulmonary veins.

Heart Wall Layers

  • From superficial to deep, heart wall layers are pericardium, myocardium, and endocardium.

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Description

Test your knowledge of the heart's anatomy with these flashcards. This quiz focuses on the base and apex of the heart, as well as its general location and position. Perfect for students studying anatomy or preparing for exams.

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