Anatomy and Physiology: Midterm review
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Questions and Answers

In DNA transcription, adenine (A) binds with what?

  • Uracil (U)
  • Guanine (G)
  • Thymine (T) (correct)
  • Cytosine (C)

Which of the following is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?

  • Detoxifying harmful substances.
  • Generating ATP.
  • Packaging and secreting substances. (correct)
  • Synthesizing proteins.

Which of the following best exemplifies the relationship between anatomy and physiology?

  • Anatomy focuses on disease, while physiology focuses on wellness.
  • Anatomy explains the chemical processes, while physiology describes structural elements.
  • Anatomy and physiology both study the function of the body, but at different magnifications.
  • Anatomy details the structure of the body, while physiology explores how these structures function. (correct)

What is the correct order of structural organization, from smallest to largest?

<p>Atoms, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ System, Organism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these processes describes the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?

<p>Diffusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue is characterized by a hard cellular matrix?

<p>Bone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT associated with transitional epithelium tissue?

<p>Secretes digestive enzymes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of osteoclasts in bone remodeling?

<p>Breaking down bone tissue and increasing calcium release. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a negative feedback loop, what role does the effector play?

<p>Initiates a response that reverses the change and restores the value to normal. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains the function of serous membranes?

<p>Lining the inside of the body cavity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the anatomical plane demonstrated when performing jumping jacks?

<p>Frontal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During exercise, the body temperature rises. Which of the following initiates a response to lower body temperature?

<p>The sensor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of gland secretes substances such as sweat onto the surface of the skin?

<p>Exocrine gland (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components forms cartilage and bone?

<p>Chondrocytes and Osteocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a person is experiencing an unstable internal environment, which of the following terms best describes their condition?

<p>Imbalance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region is the popliteal region?

<p>Back of the knee (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the Haversian system's function?

<p>Providing a pathway for blood vessels and nerve to reach bone cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the primary function of a neuron?

<p>Conducting action potentials. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the arrector pili muscle in humans?

<p>Causing hair to stand erect in response to cold or fear. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the organs located in the Epigastric region, which of the following symptoms would most likely indicate a problem within this area?

<p>Severe pain in the upper-central abdominal region. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the hierarchical organization of the body, which of the following sequences is ordered from least to most complex?

<p>Atom, cell, tissue, organ, organ system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best demonstrates the principle of homeostasis in the human body?

<p>Shivering in response to a drop in body temperature to generate heat. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Epithelial tissue can be categorized by shape as squamous, cuboidal, or columnar. If a pathologist describes a tissue sample from the bladder as 'transitional,' what specific functional advantage does this provide?

<p>The ability to stretch and recoil. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Endocrine glands secrete hormones into the bloodstream. Which component of a negative feedback loop would be responsible for detecting the increased hormone level?

<p>Sensor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient reports pain in the area behind their knee. Using anatomical terminology, how would you document the location of the patient’s discomfort?

<p>Popliteal region (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher is studying the electrical properties of cells. Which type of cell would be of greatest interest if they are focusing on action potentials?

<p>Neuron (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a scientist is examining a sample under a microscope and observes cells that are grouped together and performing a specific function, what level of structural organization is she most likely observing?

<p>Tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood is classified as a type of connective tissue because it contains cells suspended in a fluid matrix. Which component of blood is primarily responsible for transporting oxygen?

<p>Erythrocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient is experiencing abdominal pain, and the physician suspects an issue with the liver, gallbladder, or right kidney. In which abdominal region would the physician focus the initial examination?

<p>Right hypochondriac region (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During a forensic investigation, the pathologist determines that the body was bisected into superior and inferior portions. Which anatomical plane was used to make this observation?

<p>Transverse (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of proteasomes in the body?

<p>Breaking down and recycling damaged or unnecessary proteins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a cell were placed in a hypertonic solution, what process would most likely occur?

<p>The cell would shrink as water moves out of it. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following explains how an endocrine gland delivers its secretions throughout the body?

<p>By releasing hormones into the bloodstream to reach target cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately compares skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue?

<p>Skeletal muscle is striated and voluntary; cardiac muscle is striated and involuntary. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the integumentary system is primarily responsible for providing waterproofing?

<p>Sebum secreted by sebaceous glands (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a person has a problem with their meninges, the condition directly affects the:

<p>Connective tissue coverings of the brain and spinal cord. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the primary role of microvilli?

<p>Increasing the surface area for absorption. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following exemplifies a polysaccharide?

<p>Starch (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In DNA, what base does Adenine (A) pair with during transcription?

<p>Thymine (T) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of hematopoietic tissue?

<p>Producing red blood cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Briefly explain the relationship between anatomy and physiology, highlighting how they complement each other in understanding the human body.

<p>Anatomy is the study of the body's structures, while physiology is the study of how those structures function. They are complementary because function depends on structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Arrange the following terms in order from smallest to largest: cell, organ system, atom, tissue, organism, organ.

<p>Atoms, cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe what would happen if a person's body temperature rises due to exercise, according to the negative feedback loop.

<p>The stimulus is the increased body temperature, sensors detect this change, the control center compares it to the normal range, and effectors cause a change (sweating) to return the temperature to normal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Distinguish between the effects of an ionic bond compared to that of a covalent bond, considering the chemical properties of each.

<p>Ionic bonds are strong and result in the formation of ions, which can act as electrolytes in the body. Covalent bonds are weaker and result in sharing electrons between atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a doctor refers to a 'sagittal section' of the brain, what does this mean in terms of how the brain is being viewed or analyzed?

<p>The brain is being viewed or analyzed along a vertical plane that divides it into left and right sections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the functional significance of transitional epithelium in the bladder compared to, for example, simple squamous epithelium found in the lungs.

<p>Transitional epithelium, found in the bladder, can stretch to accommodate volume changes. Simple squamous epithelium in the lungs is thin to allow gas exchange. These structural differences match their function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the importance of neurons conducting action potentials related to maintaining homeostasis.

<p>Neurons conducting action potentials allows for rapid communication throughout the body. This is important to coordinate responses to maintain homeostasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the liver and pancreas, both located in the epigastric region, contribute to the digestion process?

<p>The liver produces bile, which aids in fat digestion, and the pancreas produces enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would you describe 'blood' as a tissue, and what is the functional significance of it having plasma?

<p>Blood is a connective tissue because it connects different parts of the body and provides support and transport. Plasma suspends blood cells, transports nutrients, hormones, and waste products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compare and contrast what happens when the body is in homeostasis versus when it is not, focusing on the body's internal environment.

<p>When the body is in homeostasis, its internal environment is stable and balanced. When it is not, the internal environment is unstable, potentially leading to disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the relationship between the structure of microvilli and their function in absorption.

<p>Microvilli are small, finger-like projections that increase the surface area of cells. This increased surface area allows for more efficient absorption of nutrients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how both diffusion and active transport are essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis.

<p>Diffusion helps to equalize concentrations across membranes, passively moving substances from high to low concentration areas. Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradients, requiring energy, ensuring that cells can maintain specific internal environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the roles of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in bone remodeling, and explain their involvement in calcium homeostasis.

<p>Osteoblasts build bone by absorbing calcium from the blood, while osteoclasts break down bone, releasing calcium into the bloodstream. This balance is crucial for maintaining calcium levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compare and contrast the functions of exocrine and endocrine glands, providing an example of a secretion from each.

<p>Exocrine glands secrete substances onto a surface or into ducts (e.g., sweat), while endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream (e.g., insulin).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the relationship between DNA transcription and protein synthesis.

<p>DNA transcription creates an RNA template from a DNA sequence, which is then used to synthesize proteins. Transcription is the first step in gene expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the role of mucous membranes in protecting the body and maintaining homeostasis.

<p>Mucous membranes line body openings and secrete mucus, which traps pathogens and debris, preventing them from entering the body and causing infection. They also help keep tissues moist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compare and contrast the functions of starch and glycogen and explain why these different functions are important.

<p>Starch is a polysaccharide used by plants to store energy, while glycogen is used by animals for the same purpose. Starch serves as dietary energy for animals, while glycogen provides a readily available glucose source for metabolic needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the structure and role of the Haversian system in compact bone.

<p>The Haversian system, or osteon, contains a central canal with blood vessels and nerves, surrounded by concentric layers of bone matrix called lamellae. It provides nutrients to bone cells (osteocytes) and removes waste.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the arrector pili muscle contributes to thermoregulation in humans.

<p>The arrector pili muscle contracts to make hairs stand up, creating a layer of insulation by trapping air near the skin surface. This helps reduce heat loss in cold conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Distinguish between the axial and appendicular skeleton, and briefly explain why both are essential for movement and protection.

<p>The axial skeleton (skull, spine, ribs) protects vital organs, while the appendicular skeleton (limbs, pelvis, shoulders) enables movement. Both work together for support, protection, and mobility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Anatomy

Study of the body's structures.

Physiology

Study of how the body functions.

Cell

The smallest, self-functioning unit in the body.

Atom

The smallest unit of matter.

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Transitional Tissue

Tissue allows expansion/contraction. Found in bladder.

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Popliteal Region

Area behind the knee.

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Neuron

Cell that conducts action potentials.

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Tissue

Groups of cells performing a specific function.

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Negative Feedback Loop

Stimulus, Sensor, Control Center, Effector.

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Homeostasis

The body's state of equilibrium.

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DNA Transcription

Process where DNA sequence is copied into RNA.

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What is a polysaccharide?

A carbohydrate made of many sugar molecules.

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Golgi Apparatus

Organelle that packages and secretes substances in the cell.

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Mitochondria

The powerhouse of the cell.

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Diffusion

Moves from a high concentration to a low concentration.

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Genome

All of an organism's DNA.

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Hyaline Cartilage

Most prevalent type of cartilage in the body.

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Meninges

The tissue located affect in the brain and spinal cord when someone has meningitis.

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Sebum

Lubricates skin and hair.

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Osteoclasts

Cells that break down bone to increase calcium levels.

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A - T base pairing

The pairing of adenine (A) with Thymine (T) in DNA.

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Microvilli

The folds in the small intestine lining where absorption takes place.

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Serous membrane

Membrane lining the inside of body cavities.

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Epithelial tissue

Tissue type that can easily repair itself. Example skin

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Exocrine gland

Gland that secretes substances onto a surface, like sweat.

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Active Transport

Movement of substances from low to high concentration, requires energy.

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Osmosis

Process of water moving through a cell membrane.

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Hematopoietic tissue

Connective tissue that produces red blood cells

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Arrector pili muscle

Muscle that causes goosebumps by making hairs stand up.

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Levels of Organization

The order of organization from smallest to largest is: atoms, cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism

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Tissue with Plasma

Blood; it is a type of connective tissue.

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Right Hypochondriac Organs

Liver, Gallbladder, Right kidney, Ascending colon, Small intestine

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Epigastric Region Organs

Stomach, Liver, Pancreas, Gallbladder, Duodenum, Adrenal glands, Transverse colon, Spleen

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Stimulus (Feedback Loop)

A change in a physiological value (e.g., blood sugar)

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Sensor (Feedback loop)

Detects changes in a physiological value.

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Control Center

Compares the value to the normal range.

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Effector

Causes a change to return the value to normal.

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Out of Homeostasis

Indicates an unstable condition.

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Sagittal Plane

A vertical plane dividing the body into left and right sections.

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Ionic Bond Strength

The strongest type of chemical bond.

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Covalent Bond Strength

The weakest type of chemical bond.

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Frontal Plane

A vertical plane dividing the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) sections.

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Transverse Plane

An imaginary horizontal plane dividing the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) sections.

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Electrolyte Definition

A substance that can form chemical reactions with acids and bases; conducts electricity in solution.

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Aspect of Salt

A salt that is crucial for various bodily functions.

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Chondrocytes and Osteocytes

Connective tissue forming cartilage and bone.

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Proteasomes

An organelle that destroys harmful proteins.

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Centromeres

The point where DNA strands are held together.

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Striated Voluntary Tissue

Another name for muscle tissue, which is also voluntary.

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Glia

Glia cells that make up nervous tissue.

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Haversian System

Provides a pathway for blood vessels and nerves in bone.

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Study Notes

  • Anatomy studies the body's structure.
  • Physiology studies how the body functions.
  • The cell is the smallest functioning unit of the body.
  • The atom is the smallest unit of matter.
  • Transitional tissue is in the bladder.
  • The popliteal area is behind the knee.
  • A neuron conducts an action potential.
  • Cells clumped together form tissue.
  • The order from smallest to largest: atoms, cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism.
  • Blood is connective tissue containing plasma.

Regions and Organs

  • The Right Hypochondriac region contains the liver, gallbladder, right kidney, ascending colon, and small intestine.
  • The Epigastric region contains the stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, duodenum, adrenal glands, transverse colon, and spleen.

Negative Feedback Control Loop

  • Components:
    • Stimulus: Change in a physiological value like blood sugar or body temperature.
    • Sensor/Receptor: Detects the change.
    • Control center: Compares the value to the normal range.
    • Effector: Reverses the situation, returning the value to normal.
  • Homeostasis balances the body.
  • An unstable condition occurs when the body is out of homeostasis.
  • An ionic bond is the strongest bond.
  • A covalent bond is the weakest bond.

Planes of the body

  • Sagittal: Vertical plane dividing the body into left and right sections.
  • Frontal: Vertical plane dividing the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) sections.
  • Transverse: Horizontal plane dividing the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) sections.
  • Salt is an electrolyte that forms chemical reactions with acids and bases.

Chemical Processes

  • DNA transcription: A - T.
  • A polysaccharide is a carbohydrate, like starch and glycogen.
  • There are 21 amino acids.

Anatomy

  • Mucous membranes line every body opening, including the eyes, nose, and mouth.
  • The Golgi apparatus packages and secretes substances in the cell.
  • Absorption takes place in microvilli.
  • Serous membrane lines the inside of the body cavity.
  • The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell.
  • ATP develops mitochondria.
  • Epithelial tissue repairs itself easily.
  • Exocrine glands excrete substances onto the surface, like sweat.
  • Endocrine glands excrete substances into the blood, like hormones.
  • Active transport moves substances from low to high concentration.
  • Diffusion moves substances from high to low concentration.
  • Bone has a hard cellular matrix.
  • Osmosis is when water moves through a cell membrane.
  • Sodium can move through the cell.
  • Chondrocytes and osteocytes form cartilage and bone.
  • A body's DNA is called a genome.
  • Prodisomes destroy harmful proteins.
  • Centromeres hold DNA strands together.
  • Hyaline cartilage is the most prevalent cartilage.
  • Muscle tissue is also known as striated voluntary tissue.
  • Meningitis affects the meninges in the brain, spinal cord, and connective tissue within the cranial and vertebral cavities.
  • Hematopoietic tissue produces red blood cells.
  • Skeletal tissue is striated voluntary, and cardiac tissue is non-striated involuntary.
  • The exocrine gland is made of cuboidal epithelial cells.
  • The arrector pili muscle makes the hair stand up.
  • Sebum lubricates skin and hair.
  • Radiant heat comes off the body.
  • A glia is nervous tissue.
  • The Haversian system provides blood vessels and nerves a pathway to reach bone cells.
  • The ossification center is in the diaphysis.
  • Osteoclasts break down bone and increase calcium.
  • Osteoblasts build up bone to absorb calcium.

Skeletal System

  • Axial skeleton: bones in the center of the body.
  • Appendicular skeleton: bones on the outside of the body (appendages).
  • The body has 206 bones.

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Description

This lesson covers the fundamentals of anatomy and physiology, including body structures, functions, cells, and tissues. It also explores regions, organs, and the negative feedback control loop.

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