Anatomy and Physiology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?

  • Support and binding
  • Communication and signaling
  • Protection, secretion, and absorption (correct)
  • Movement and locomotion

Which type of bone is exemplified by the femur?

  • Long bone (correct)
  • Irregular bone
  • Flat bone
  • Short bone

What action does the arrector pili muscle perform?

  • Relaxes hair follicles
  • Causes hair loss
  • Stimulates hair growth
  • Contracts to make hair stand upright (correct)

What are the components of a reflex arc?

<p>Sensory neuron, interneuron, and motor neuron (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is mainly responsible for coordinating voluntary movements?

<p>Motor cortex in the frontal lobe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain and spinal cord?

<p>Cushion the brain and spinal cord (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the neuron is responsible for transmitting impulses?

<p>Axon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of nociceptors in the body?

<p>Respond to harmful stimuli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

<p>Endocrine glands secrete hormones into the bloodstream (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for vision?

<p>Occipital lobe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary functions of the integumentary system?

<p>Protection, temperature regulation, sensation, and excretion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does muscle contraction occur?

<p>By the sliding of actin and myosin filaments in response to calcium ions and ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the epidermis in the skin?

<p>Protect against pathogens and prevent water loss (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the axial skeleton from the appendicular skeleton?

<p>Axial skeleton consists of skull, spine, and ribcage. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between catabolism and anabolism?

<p>Catabolism releases energy, while anabolism requires energy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a stage of cellular respiration?

<p>Electron transport chain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four main types of body tissue?

<p>Muscle, epithelial, connective, and nervous (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do pain receptors (nociceptors) play in the body?

<p>They detect harmful stimuli and signal pain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes the function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

<p>CSF cushions and nourishes the brain and spinal cord. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the arrector pili muscle?

<p>It causes hair to stand up, creating goosebumps. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do endocrine glands differ from exocrine glands?

<p>Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly while exocrine glands use ducts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cerebellum in the brain?

<p>Coordinating voluntary movements and maintaining balance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main functions of the three parts of a neuron: dendrites, axon, and axon terminals?

<p>Dendrites receive signals; axon transmits impulses; axon terminals release neurotransmitters. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which features distinguish DNA from RNA?

<p>DNA stores genetic information; RNA aids in protein synthesis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of muscle contraction involving actin and myosin filaments?

<p>Myosin filaments pull on actin filaments during contraction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the differences between flexion and extension in joint movement?

<p>Flexion decreases the angle; extension increases it. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which parts of the eye are crucial for focusing light?

<p>Cornea and lens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Types of Body Tissues

Epithelial (protection, secretion, absorption), Connective (support, binding, transport), Muscle (movement), Nervous (communication, control)

Bone Shapes

Long (femur), Short (carpals), Flat (sternum), Irregular(vertebrae).

Arrector Pili Function

Causes goosebumps when it contracts in response to cold/stress.

Reflex Arc Components

Sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron cause involuntary actions.

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Voluntary Movement Control

Motor cortex sends signals to muscles via neurons, with cerebellum help for accuracy.

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Anatomy vs. Physiology

Anatomy studies the body's structure, while physiology studies how its parts work together.

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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Function

CSF cushions the brain and spinal cord, removes waste, and provides nutrients.

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Pain Receptor (Nociceptor) Location

Pain receptors are in tissues like skin, joints, and organs.

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Epidermis & Dermis Function

Epidermis protects and prevents water loss; dermis provides strength and houses nerves/blood vessels.

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DNA vs. RNA

DNA stores genetic info (double-stranded, thymine), RNA helps with protein synthesis (single-stranded, uracil).

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Neuromuscular Junction

Acetylcholine release (triggered by nerves) stimulates muscles to contract.

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Endocrine vs. Exocrine Glands

Endocrine glands release hormones into bloodstream; exocrine release substances into ducts.

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Neuron Parts & Functions

Dendrites receive signals, axon transmits, axon terminals release neurotransmitters.

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Cell Membrane Function

Controls what enters and exits the cell, acting as a barrier and a gatekeeper.

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Nucleus Function

Contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) and directs all cellular activities. It's the control center.

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Cytoplasm Function

The gel-like substance within the cell that houses organelles and allows chemical reactions to occur. It's like the workshop.

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Axial Skeleton Parts

Consists of the skull, spine, and ribcage. It's the core of the skeleton.

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Appendicular Skeleton Parts

Includes the limbs (arms and legs) and the shoulder and pelvic girdles. It's the framework for movement.

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Active Transport Function

Moves substances across the cell membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.

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Passive Transport Function

Moves substances across the cell membrane along their concentration gradient, requiring no energy.

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Catabolism Function

Breaks down complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy. Think of it as 'breaking things down'.

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Anabolism Function

Builds complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy. Think of it as 'building things up'.

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Glycolysis Function

The first stage of cellular respiration. It breaks down glucose into pyruvate, releasing a small amount of ATP.

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Citric Acid Cycle Function

The second stage of cellular respiration. It further breaks down pyruvate, releasing more ATP and electron carriers.

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Electron Transport Chain Function

The final stage of cellular respiration. It uses electrons to generate a large amount of ATP, similar to a hydroelectric power plant.

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Epithelial Tissue Function

Covers and protects body surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands. Think of it as the body's 'skin'.

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Connective Tissue Function

Supports and binds other tissues, providing structure and transport. Like scaffolding.

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Study Notes

Anatomy and Physiology

  • Anatomy: Study of body structure and organization
  • Physiology: Study of how body parts function and work together

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

  • Cushions brain and spinal cord
  • Removes waste
  • Provides nutrients

Pain Receptors (Nociceptors)

  • Sensory neurons
  • Located in skin, joints, and organs
  • Respond to harmful stimuli

Epidermis and Dermis

  • Epidermis: Outermost layer, protects against pathogens and prevents water loss
  • Dermis: Strength, elasticity, contains blood vessels, nerves, glands

DNA vs. RNA

  • DNA: Double-stranded, stores genetic information, contains thymine
  • RNA: Single-stranded, involved in protein synthesis, contains uracil

Neuromuscular Junction

  • Nerve impulse triggers acetylcholine release
  • Stimulates muscle contraction

Endocrine vs. Exocrine Glands

  • Endocrine: Secrete hormones directly into bloodstream
  • Exocrine: Secrete substances into ducts (e.g., sweat, saliva)

Neuron Structure and Function

  • Dendrites: Receive signals
  • Axon: Transmits impulses
  • Axon terminals: Release neurotransmitters

Muscle Contraction

  • Actin and myosin filaments slide past each other
  • Driven by ATP and calcium ions

Integumentary System Functions

  • Protection
  • Temperature regulation
  • Sensation
  • Excretion

Brain Lobes

  • Frontal lobe: Decision-making, motor function
  • Temporal lobe: Hearing, memory
  • Parietal lobe: Sensory processing
  • Occipital lobe: Visual processing

Cerebellum

  • Coordinates voluntary movements
  • Maintains posture and balance

Cranial Nerve Example (Optic Nerve)

  • Optic nerve (II): Responsible for vision

Joint Movements

  • Flexion: Decreases angle between body parts
  • Extension: Increases angle between body parts
  • Rotation: Movement around an axis
  • Abduction: Movement away from midline
  • Adduction: Movement towards midline

Eye Focusing

  • Lens focuses light onto retina

Cell Structure

  • Cell membrane: Regulates what enters/exits the cell
  • Nucleus: Contains genetic material, controls cell activities
  • Cytoplasm: Houses organelles, facilitates chemical reactions

Axial vs. Appendicular Skeleton

  • Axial: Skull, spine, ribcage (protection)
  • Appendicular: Limbs, girdles (movement)

Cell Membrane Transport

  • Active transport: Movement against concentration gradient, requires energy
  • Passive transport: Movement along concentration gradient, no energy required

Catabolism vs. Anabolism

  • Catabolism: Breakdown of molecules, releases energy
  • Anabolism: Building of molecules, requires energy

Cellular Respiration Stages

  • Glycolysis: Breaks down glucose to pyruvate, produces ATP
  • Citric acid cycle: Further breaks down pyruvate, produces ATP and electron carriers
  • Electron transport chain: Uses electrons to produce large amount of ATP

Body Tissues

  • Epithelial: Protection, secretion, absorption
  • Connective: Support, binding, transport
  • Muscle: Movement
  • Nervous: Communication, control

Bone Shapes

  • Long bones: Femur, humerus
  • Short bones: Carpals, tarsals
  • Flat bones: Sternum, ribs
  • Irregular bones: Vertebrae

Arrector Pili Muscle

  • Contracts to cause hair to stand up (goosebumps)

Reflex Arc

  • Sensory neuron detects stimulus, transmits signal to interneuron
  • Interneuron sends signal to motor neuron, causing rapid involuntary response

Voluntary Movement Coordination

  • Motor cortex in frontal lobe controls voluntary movements via motor neurons
  • Cerebellum coordinates smooth execution

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