Human Anatomy and Physiology

Digestive System

• The alimentary canal is divided into the small intestine and large intestine
• Small intestine consists of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
• Large intestine consists of cecum, colon, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum
• Gastroenterology is the study of the stomach and intestine
• Disorders of the digestive system include gastroenteritis, anorexia, nausea, emesis, diarrhea, and constipation

Respiratory System

• The respiratory system ensures adequate oxygen supply and removal of carbon dioxide
• Pulmonary ventilation refers to the process of breathing
• Breathing mechanism involves inhalation (diaphragm contracts) and exhalation (diaphragm relaxes)
• Types of breathing include eupnea, dyspnea, apneusis, hyperpnea, orthopnea, cheyne-stroke respiration, hyperventilation, apnea, and biot's breathing
• Spirometer is a device used to measure lung function

Circulatory System

• Major blood vessels include circulatory routes
• Fatal alcohol syndrome is a disorder related to the circulatory system
• Disorders of heart structure include pericarditis, myocardial infarction, and congestive heart failure

Immune System

• Antibodies are substances produced by the body to destroy specific antigens
• Antigens are macromolecules that trigger the immune system to produce antibodies
• B cells produce antibodies that attack pathogens
• Interferon is a protein produced by the immune system to interfere with viral disease
• T cells produce lymphocytes that attack pathogens directly
• Types of immunity include nonspecific immunity and specific immunity
• Mechanisms of nonspecific defense include mechanical and chemical barriers (skin and mucosa), secretions, inflammation, phagocytosis (neutrophils and macrophages), and natural killer cells
• Types of specific immunity include inherited immunity, acquired immunity, and artificial immunity (active and passive)