Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a level of structural organization mentioned in the content?
Which of the following is NOT a level of structural organization mentioned in the content?
What is the focus of microscopic anatomy?
What is the focus of microscopic anatomy?
What is the name of the principle that states that function always reflects structure?
What is the name of the principle that states that function always reflects structure?
Which of these is NOT a type of anatomy mentioned in the content?
Which of these is NOT a type of anatomy mentioned in the content?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the smallest unit of life?
What is the smallest unit of life?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?
What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?
Signup and view all the answers
Which anatomical study focuses on large structures that are easily observable?
Which anatomical study focuses on large structures that are easily observable?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main function of epithelial tissue?
What is the main function of epithelial tissue?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of tissue is found only in the nervous system?
Which type of tissue is found only in the nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
The study of how the body and its parts work together is called:
The study of how the body and its parts work together is called:
Signup and view all the answers
What is the relationship between the structure of the air sacs in the lungs and their function?
What is the relationship between the structure of the air sacs in the lungs and their function?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the skeletal system?
What is the primary function of the skeletal system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a function of the integumentary system?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the integumentary system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of tissue is responsible for movement and heat production?
Which type of tissue is responsible for movement and heat production?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the muscular system?
What is the primary function of the muscular system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about organs is TRUE?
Which of the following statements about organs is TRUE?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of these structures is NOT part of the digestive system?
Which of these structures is NOT part of the digestive system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of the testes?
What is the primary role of the testes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a function of the female reproductive system?
Which of the following is a function of the female reproductive system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT considered a necessary life function?
Which of the following is NOT considered a necessary life function?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of metabolism?
What is the primary function of metabolism?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is an example of excretion?
Which of the following is an example of excretion?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about the digestive system is TRUE?
Which of the following statements about the digestive system is TRUE?
Signup and view all the answers
What directional term indicates a position away from the midline of the body?
What directional term indicates a position away from the midline of the body?
Signup and view all the answers
Which term refers to a structure that is closer to the origin of a body part, or its point of attachment to the body trunk?
Which term refers to a structure that is closer to the origin of a body part, or its point of attachment to the body trunk?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of these are part of the central nervous system?
Which of these are part of the central nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for structures that are located on the outer side of the body?
What is the term for structures that are located on the outer side of the body?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the endocrine system?
What is the primary function of the endocrine system?
Signup and view all the answers
When referring to the human body, which directional term corresponds to the anterior surface?
When referring to the human body, which directional term corresponds to the anterior surface?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT an endocrine gland?
Which of the following is NOT an endocrine gland?
Signup and view all the answers
Which term describes a structure that is farther from the origin of a body part or point of attachment to the body trunk?
Which term describes a structure that is farther from the origin of a body part or point of attachment to the body trunk?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main function of the cardiovascular system?
What is the main function of the cardiovascular system?
Signup and view all the answers
What term denotes a position towards the head or upper part of a structure or the body?
What term denotes a position towards the head or upper part of a structure or the body?
Signup and view all the answers
Which term refers to a structure that is situated between a more medial and a more lateral structure?
Which term refers to a structure that is situated between a more medial and a more lateral structure?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of the lymphatic system?
What is the primary role of the lymphatic system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT part of the respiratory system?
Which of the following is NOT part of the respiratory system?
Signup and view all the answers
What directional term indicates a position away from the body surface, towards the interior?
What directional term indicates a position away from the body surface, towards the interior?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the respiratory system help maintain the body's oxygen supply?
How does the respiratory system help maintain the body's oxygen supply?
Signup and view all the answers
Which organ system plays a direct role in both nutrient absorption and waste removal?
Which organ system plays a direct role in both nutrient absorption and waste removal?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following body cavities is located inferior to the diaphragm?
Which of the following body cavities is located inferior to the diaphragm?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following organs is NOT located within the thoracic cavity?
Which of the following organs is NOT located within the thoracic cavity?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the name of the central region of the thoracic cavity that houses the heart, trachea, and other organs?
What is the name of the central region of the thoracic cavity that houses the heart, trachea, and other organs?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a subdivision of the abdominopelvic cavity?
Which of the following is a subdivision of the abdominopelvic cavity?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following body cavities is protected by the rib cage?
Which of the following body cavities is protected by the rib cage?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of the effector in a homeostatic control mechanism?
What is the function of the effector in a homeostatic control mechanism?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following systems is responsible for maintaining homeostasis?
Which of the following systems is responsible for maintaining homeostasis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for a disturbance in homeostasis that can result in disease?
What is the term for a disturbance in homeostasis that can result in disease?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Anatomy
- Anatomy is the study of structure and shape of the body and its parts
- Observation is used to determine sizes and relationships of parts
- Gross anatomy studies large structures that are easily observable
- Microscopic anatomy studies structures too small to be seen with the naked eye, like cells and tissues
Physiology
- Physiology is the study of how the body and its parts work or function
- Structure directly relates to function
- Examples are the air sacs in the lungs, which have thin walls allowing for gas exchange
Principle of Complementarity
- Function always reflects structure
- What a structure can do is dependent on its form
Levels of Structural Organization
- Six levels of structural organization
- Atoms
- Cells
- Tissues
- Organs
- Organ systems
- Organisms
Structural Units
- Atoms/Chemical: Made up of atoms, molecules, and organelles
- Cells: Smallest units of life, perform all life activities including metabolism, assimilation, digestion, excretion, and reproduction. Cells have common functions, but vary in shape and size
-
Tissues: Groups of cells with common function, every organ comprised of multiple tissue types
- Epithelial - covers and protects
- Connective - binds and supports other tissues
- Muscle - movement and heat production
- Nervous - connects sensory structures to motor structures; found only in nervous systems
Structural Units (continued)
- Organs: Cells are integrated into tissues, serve a common function; complex functions.
- Systems: Made up of organs to meet the needs of the body.
- Human Body: The highest level of organization.
Organ System Overview
- Integumentary: Forms external body covering (skin), includes hair and fingernails, waterproofs and protects, produces Vitamin D, helps regulate temperature, contains nerve receptors
- Skeletal: Consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints; provides muscle attachment, protects vital organs, site of blood cell formation, stores minerals
- Muscular: Skeletal muscles contract. Produces movement of bones, smooth muscles and cardiac muscles
- Nervous: Fast acting control system, consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors; responds to internal and external stimuli, sends messages to the central nervous system which assesses information and activates effectors.
Organ System Overview (continued)
-
Endocrine: Secretes chemical molecules (hormones) into the blood, works with the nervous system; functions include growth, reproduction, use of nutrients
- Includes specific glands: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenal, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries (females), testes (males)
- Cardiovascular: Includes heart and blood vessels, heart pumps blood, vessels transport blood to tissues, blood transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, contains white blood cells for protection.
Organ System Overview (continued)
- Lymphatic: Includes lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphoid organs; complements cardiovascular system by returning leaked fluids to the bloodstream; lymph nodes cleanse blood; houses white blood cells for immunity.
- Respiratory: Includes nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs; gases are exchanged with blood through air sacs; supplies body with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.
- Digestive: Includes oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, and accessory organs; breaks down food, allows for nutrient absorption, eliminates indigestible material as feces.
Organ System Overview (continued)
- Urinary: Includes kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra; eliminates nitrogenous wastes, maintains acid-base balance, regulates water and electrolyte balance, helps regulate blood pressure.
- Reproductive: For males includes testes, scrotum, penis, accessory glands, and duct system; testes produce sperm, duct system carries sperm to exterior; For females includes ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina; ovaries produce eggs, uterus provides site of development for fetus.
Maintaining Life: Necessary Life Functions
- Maintaining boundaries: Boundaries separate the "inside" from the "outside"
- Movement: Locomotion, movement of substances
- Responsiveness (irritability): Ability to sense changes and react
- Digestion: Breakdown and absorption of nutrients
Necessary Life Functions (continued)
- Metabolism: Chemical reactions within the body, breaks down complex molecules into smaller ones, builds larger molecules from smaller ones, produces energy (ATP); regulated by hormones
- Excretion: Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions; wastes can be removed in urine, feces, or sweat
- Reproduction: Occurs on cellular or organismal levels. New cells are used for growth and repair, or the reproductive system handles the task on an organismal scale.
- Growth: Increases in cell size or body size, increasing the number of cells; hormones play a major role
Survival Needs
- Nutrients: Chemicals used for energy and cell building, include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins and minerals
- Oxygen: Required for chemical reactions; made available by the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.
- Water: 60-80% of body weight, most abundant chemical; provides fluid base for secretions and excretions
- Normal body temperature: 37°C (98.6°F), below this chemical reactions slow down & stop; above body temp. chemical reactions proceed too rapidly
- Atmospheric pressure: Must be appropriate for gas exchange
The Language of Anatomy
- Uses special terminology to prevent misunderstandings, using exact terms for position, direction, regions and structures.
- Anatomical position is used for reference: standing erect, feet parallel, arms hanging at the sides, palms facing forward, thumbs pointing away from the body.
Directional Terms
- Superior (cranial/cephalic): Toward the head; above
- Inferior (caudal): Away from the head; below
- Anterior (ventral): Toward the front; in front of
- Posterior (dorsal): Toward the back; behind
- Medial: Toward the midline of the body; on the inner side of
- Lateral: Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
- Intermediate: between a more medial and a more lateral structure
- Proximal: Close to the origin of the body part, or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
- Distal: Farther from the origin of a body part, or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
- Superficial (external): Toward or at the body surface
- Deep (internal): Away from the body surface; more internal
Regional Terms
- Anterior (ventral) body landmarks: Specific anatomical references on the front of the body
- Posterior (dorsal) body landmarks: Specific anatomical references on the back of the body
Body Planes and Sections
- Dividing the body (or organ) for visualization of internal structures
- Sagittal: Divides body into left and right parts
- Median (midsagittal): Divides body into equal left and right parts
- Frontal (coronal): Divides body into anterior and posterior parts
- Transverse (cross): Divides body into superior and inferior parts
Body Cavities
- Dorsal: Cranial (houses the brain) and spinal (houses the spinal cord)
- Ventral: Thoracic (superior to the diaphragm, contains heart and lungs), abdominopelvic (inferior to the diaphragm, contains organs). The abdominopelvic cavity has four quadrants:
- Right upper, right lower, left upper, left lower
- Abdominopelvic cavity has nine regions:
- Right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac;
- Right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar
- Right iliac (inguinal), hypogastric (pubic), left iliac (inguinal)
Body Cavities (continued)
- Other body cavities exist, including oral, digestive, nasal, orbital, and middle ear cavities.
Homeostasis
- Maintaining a relatively stable internal condition, a dynamic state of equilibrium necessary for normal body functioning
- Main controlling systems are nervous and endocrine systems
- Homeostatic imbalance results in disease
Maintaining Homeostasis
- Receptor responds to changes in the environment, sends information to control center along the afferent pathway
- Control center determines the set point, analyzes info, and determines an appropriate response
- Effector provides a means for the response to the stimulus; information flows from control center to effector along the efferent pathway
Feedback Mechanisms
- Negative feedback: Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms, shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity, works like a household thermostat
- Positive feedback: Rare in the human body, increases the original stimulus to push the variable further, happens during blood clotting and childbirth.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on the levels of structural organization, the differences between anatomy and physiology, and the functions of various body systems. This quiz covers key concepts in microscopic anatomy, tissue types, and the relationship between structure and function in the human body.
