Anatomy and Physiology Quiz

The fundamental unit of heredity, responsible for passing traits from parents to offspring. They are located on chromosomes within the nucleus of a cell.

The control center of the cell, containing the cell's genetic material (DNA) organized into chromosomes.

The powerhouse of the cell, responsible for producing energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.

The type of epithelial tissue that lines the urinary bladder, allowing it to stretch and expand.

The thickest layer of skin found on the palms and soles, providing protection and grip.

The process by which one type of cell transforms into another type, often due to adaptation or environmental changes.

The first cell formed by the fusion of an egg and sperm, marking the beginning of a new organism.

Specialized structures within a cell that perform specific functions, like mitochondria, nucleus, and ribosomes.

The device used to measure blood pressure. It consists of an inflatable cuff and a pressure gauge.

A condition where the heart beats too slowly. It can be asymptomatic (no symptoms) or require a pacemaker.

The mitral valve prevents the backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium.

A type of heart valve that allows blood to flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery.

The pericardium is the tough outer membrane surrounding the heart, protecting it and holding it in place.

The amount of blood that the left ventricle pumps out with each heartbeat. It is a measure of the heart's efficiency.

Baroreceptors are specialized sensory cells located in blood vessel walls, detecting changes in blood pressure and sending signals to the brain to regulate it.

The aorta is the largest artery in the body, carrying oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. It has the highest blood pressure.

The absence of electrical activity on an electrocardiogram (ECG), indicating that the heart is not beating.

A continuous high-pitched whistling sound heard during inspiration, often indicating airway obstruction.

Rapid, shallow breaths that are often associated with discomfort or shortness of breath. They can be a symptom of heart failure as the lungs fill with fluid.

A rhythmic squeezing of the chest that helps circulate blood when the heart stops beating. It's a vital first aid measure for a cardiac arrest.

The rate at which chest compressions are performed during CPR. The optimal rate for adults is 100-120 compressions per minute.

A specific rhythm on the electrocardiogram (ECG) that signifies a heart attack. It shows changes in the ST segment, which represents the electrical activity during the relaxation phase of the heart.

Signs of fluid build-up in the lungs, often indicated by crackling sounds heard during inhalation.

The ratio of compressions to ventilations performed by two rescuers during CPR for an adult patient is 30 compressions to 2 breaths.

A type of chest pain associated with a reduced blood supply to the heart muscle, often caused by a blockage in a coronary artery. It is usually described as a crushing, squeezing, or tight feeling in the chest.

A potentially life-threatening condition in which the coronary arteries are completely blocked, leading to tissue death in the heart muscle. This is the medical term for a heart attack.

A type of angina that is triggered by physical activity or emotional stress and is relieved by rest. It typically occurs in a predictable pattern.

A sudden and severe type of angina that occurs at rest or with minimal exertion. It is unpredictable and often a warning sign of an impending heart attack.

A type of angina that is caused by coronary artery spasms. It is often triggered by cold temperatures or emotional stress, and typically occurs at rest.

Irregular heartbeats, which can occur due to a variety of reasons including damage to the heart muscle, electrolyte imbalances, or problems with the heart's electrical system.

A condition characterized by a slow heart rate (less than 60 beats per minute). It can be normal in some people, but may also be a sign of underlying medical conditions.

A condition characterized by a long PR interval on an electrocardiogram (ECG), indicating a delay in the electrical conduction between the atria and ventricles of the heart.

Pitting edema in a patient with right-sided heart failure is caused by an increase in hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries of the lower extremities.

The semi-Fowler's position, with the head of the bed elevated to 30-45 degrees, helps reduce fluid buildup in the lungs and improves breathing.

Depression is a common emotional response to heart failure due to the chronic nature of the condition and its impact on daily life.

Improved oxygen saturation levels and decreased shortness of breath are indicators of effective oxygen therapy in patients with congestive heart failure.

A bounding pulse indicates increased cardiac output, not a reduced stroke volume.

Edema in the lower extremities that disappears at night is consistent with right ventricular heart failure, where fluid accumulates in the legs during the day but is reabsorbed when lying down.

Clubbed fingernails are a common manifestation of chronic cardiac diseases, indicating long-term low oxygen levels.

Cyanosis, a bluish discoloration of the skin, occurs when there is insufficient oxygen in the blood due to reduced cardiac output.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. It acts as a cushion, protects the central nervous system from injuries, and helps regulate the intracranial pressure.

The normal total volume of CSF produced in a 24-hour period is approximately 1200 ml.

Arachnoid villi are small, finger-like projections of the arachnoid membrane that extend into the dural sinuses. They play a crucial role in regulating CSF pressure by allowing excess CSF to drain back into the venous circulation.

CSF circulates within the subarachnoid space, a fluid-filled space between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater.

Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by bacterial or viral infections.

Common symptoms of meningitis include fever, headache, stiff neck (nuchal rigidity), photophobia (sensitivity to light), and altered mental status.

For patients with multiple sclerosis, cold temperatures should generally be avoided as they can exacerbate symptoms and trigger relapses.

Before an electroencephalogram (EEG), the patient should have their hair clean and free of any products or hairspray. This ensures optimal signal transmission and recording.