Podcast
Questions and Answers
What happens to a body part when oxygen is removed?
What happens to a body part when oxygen is removed?
What is the primary role of effectors in homeostasis?
What is the primary role of effectors in homeostasis?
How does negative feedback function in homeostasis?
How does negative feedback function in homeostasis?
In which situation is positive feedback primarily used in the body?
In which situation is positive feedback primarily used in the body?
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What does a control center do in a homeostatic mechanism?
What does a control center do in a homeostatic mechanism?
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What is the primary study focus of anatomy?
What is the primary study focus of anatomy?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the core themes of A&P?
Which of the following is NOT one of the core themes of A&P?
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Which characteristic of life involves a change in body position or location?
Which characteristic of life involves a change in body position or location?
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What is the most abundant substance in the human body?
What is the most abundant substance in the human body?
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Which level of organization consists of a group of tissues working together for a common purpose?
Which level of organization consists of a group of tissues working together for a common purpose?
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What is the primary role of respiration in organisms?
What is the primary role of respiration in organisms?
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Which type of tissue connects muscles to bones?
Which type of tissue connects muscles to bones?
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Which requirement of organisms is essential for the regulation of body temperature?
Which requirement of organisms is essential for the regulation of body temperature?
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What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
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Which organelle is responsible for making steroids and fats?
Which organelle is responsible for making steroids and fats?
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What structures are always found in pairs at right angles and help in cell division?
What structures are always found in pairs at right angles and help in cell division?
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How does the rough endoplasmic reticulum differ from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
How does the rough endoplasmic reticulum differ from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
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What is the role of the Golgi apparatus in the cell?
What is the role of the Golgi apparatus in the cell?
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Which region of the abdomen contains the stomach?
Which region of the abdomen contains the stomach?
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What is the main substance that mitochondria produce?
What is the main substance that mitochondria produce?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the endoplasmic reticulum?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the endoplasmic reticulum?
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What type of bond is formed when atoms share electrons?
What type of bond is formed when atoms share electrons?
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Which type of fatty acid contains only single carbon-hydrogen bonds?
Which type of fatty acid contains only single carbon-hydrogen bonds?
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What property distinguishes organic molecules from inorganic molecules?
What property distinguishes organic molecules from inorganic molecules?
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What pH range is considered acidic?
What pH range is considered acidic?
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Which type of reaction produces a more complex chemical structure?
Which type of reaction produces a more complex chemical structure?
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Which molecule is a product of the decomposition reaction AB -> A + B?
Which molecule is a product of the decomposition reaction AB -> A + B?
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What is the primary role of amino acids in proteins?
What is the primary role of amino acids in proteins?
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What type of ion is formed when an atom gains electrons?
What type of ion is formed when an atom gains electrons?
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Which type of bond is typically weaker than ionic and covalent bonds?
Which type of bond is typically weaker than ionic and covalent bonds?
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In what structure does DNA primarily store genetic information?
In what structure does DNA primarily store genetic information?
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Which type of molecule is glucose classified as?
Which type of molecule is glucose classified as?
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What happens to a person's body when the pH rises to 7.5-7.8?
What happens to a person's body when the pH rises to 7.5-7.8?
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Which of the following is an example of an inorganic molecule?
Which of the following is an example of an inorganic molecule?
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What component of phospholipids makes them crucial for cell membranes?
What component of phospholipids makes them crucial for cell membranes?
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What is the primary function of serous membranes?
What is the primary function of serous membranes?
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In which order do the following anatomical terms represent relative position from top to bottom?
In which order do the following anatomical terms represent relative position from top to bottom?
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What happens to the metabolic rate during aging?
What happens to the metabolic rate during aging?
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How do the effects of the nervous system differ from those of the endocrine system?
How do the effects of the nervous system differ from those of the endocrine system?
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Which of the following accurately describes the thoracic cavity?
Which of the following accurately describes the thoracic cavity?
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What does the abdominopelvic cavity consist of?
What does the abdominopelvic cavity consist of?
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Which statement regarding lymphatic system functions is correct?
Which statement regarding lymphatic system functions is correct?
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What anatomical layer of the serous membrane covers the organs directly?
What anatomical layer of the serous membrane covers the organs directly?
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Which type of bacteria is associated with causing infections as they can spread systemically?
Which type of bacteria is associated with causing infections as they can spread systemically?
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In which plane would you find superior and inferior sections of the body?
In which plane would you find superior and inferior sections of the body?
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Which of the following statements about the aging process is true?
Which of the following statements about the aging process is true?
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What is one role of the integumentary system?
What is one role of the integumentary system?
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Which of the following best describes the structure of a virus?
Which of the following best describes the structure of a virus?
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Which group of organ systems is primarily involved in transporting nutrients and gases throughout the body?
Which group of organ systems is primarily involved in transporting nutrients and gases throughout the body?
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Study Notes
Homework and Chapter Assignments
- HW due Saturdays at 11:59 pm
- Focus on Chemistry – many students have trouble with Ch. 2
- Chapters 1-6
- Chapters 7-12
- Chapters 13-14
Origins of Medical Science
- Early healers relied on superstition and magic
- Corpse and cadaver dissection advanced knowledge of the human body
- Understanding of anatomy and physiology developed through experimentation
Anatomy and Physiology (A&P)
- Anatomy – the study of structure and morphology of the human body and its parts
- Physiology – the study of the functions of the human body and its parts
- Studies normal structure and function of the body
Levels of Organization
- Atom
- Molecule
- Macromolecules
- Proteins
- Fats
- Lipids
- Carbohydrates
- Cell
- DNA/RNA
- Pap smear evaluates cell changes for abnormalities
- Red blood cells
- Neurons
- Tissue - Biopsy evaluates tissue for abnormalities
- Epithelial tissue
Connective Tissue, Muscle Tissue, Nervous Tissue, Organ
- Connective tissue - connects bone to move the body
- Muscle tissue
- Nervous tissue
- Organ – made of various tissues working together
- Organ system – made of several different organs working together
- Organism – the whole living being.
Core Themes of A&P
- Homeostasis – maintaining a stable internal environment
- The Cell – the basic unit of life
- Internal environment – the environment inside of the body
- Interdependence of cells – cells depend on each other for their functions
- Structure and function – interrelated aspects of biology
Characteristics of Life
- Growth – increase in cell number and size
- Reproduction – production of new cells or organisms
- Responsiveness – reaction to internal or external changes
- Movement – change in physical position or location
- Metabolism – all chemical processes in the body
- Respiration – taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide
- Digestion – breaking down food for absorption
- Circulation – moving chemicals and cells through the body fluids
- Excretion – removing waste products from the body
Requirements of Organisms
- Chemicals
- Water – most abundant substance in the body, required for metabolic processes, transport, and temperature regulation
- Food – provides energy, building blocks for tissues and cells
Oxygen
- Provides energy
- If deprived to an area, pain occurs
- If removed, body part dies
Homeostasis Mechanisms
- Stimulus – a change in the internal environment
- Receptors – detect the change
- Control Center – compares the change to a set point and sends signals
- Effectors – muscles or glands that respond to the signal
- Response – a change to correct the initial change
Negative Feedback
- Corrects deviations from normal ranges
- Effects decrease deviations from the setpoint
- Examples - body temperature regulation and blood pressure
Positive Feedback
- Intensifies a change
- Examples – childbirth and blood clotting
Organization of the Human Body
- Dorsal body cavity – back – cranial cavity and vertebral canal
- Ventral body cavity – front – thoracic cavity (pleural cavities, mediastinum, pericardial cavity), diaphragm separates from the abdominal cavity, abdominalpelvic cavity (abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity)
Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Membranes
- Lined by double-layered serous membranes
- Visceral layer – covers the organ
- Parietal layer – lines the wall of the cavity
- Examples – visceral and parietal pleura (lungs), visceral and parietal pericardium (heart), visceral and parietal peritoneum
Organ Systems
- Integumentary system – protection, body temperature regulation
- Skeletal system – support & movement
- Muscular system – movement
- Nervous system – control and coordination
- Endocrine system – hormone regulation
- Cardiovascula system– blood flow
- Lymphatic system – fluid balance and immunity
- Digestive system – breaking down food
- Respiratory system – gas exchange
- Urinary system – waste removal, fluid balance
- reproductive System – reproduction
Lifespan Changes
- Aging occurs at a cellular level and impacts tissues and organs
- Hair loses pigment, skin wrinkles and stiffens, etc.
Anatomical Position
- Patient facing you
- Standing upright
- Arms down at sides
- Palms forward
Relative Position Terms
- Superior/Inferior – above/below
- Anterior/Posterior – front/back
- Medial/Lateral – middle/side
- Bilateral – paired structures on both sides
- Ipsilateral – same side
- Contralateral – opposite side
- Proximal/Distal – close to or far from the point of attachment
Sections of the Body
- Sagittal plane – divides body into right and left sections
- Transverse plane – divides body into top and bottom sections
- Coronal plane – divides body into front and back sections
Abdominal Regions and Quadrants
- Study of abdominal regions.
Lab
- Microbiology - the study of organisms not visible to the naked eye
- Virus - smallest microorganism (protein and DNA/RNA)
- Bacteria – larger than viruses, cells with no nucleus
- Spherical
- Rod-shaped
- Spiral
- Cultures – TSA, BAP
- Cell structures
Structures of Cell
- Cell membrane – protection, transport
- Mitochondria – energy production
- Organelles – various cellular functions (e.g., ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, centrioles)
Review
- Levels of Organization
- Feedback loops
- General idea of systems
- Planes of the body: superior/inferior, etc.
- Abdominal plane, regions and quadrants
Chemistry Review
- Chemical formulas (organic/inorganic)
- Planes of the body, sections of the body
- PH
- Regions of the abdomen
Atomic Structure
- Nucleus – protons (positive), neutrons (neutral)
- Orbitals – electrons (negative)
- Molecules – atoms bonded together
- Compounds
Bonding of Atoms
- Ionic bonds – electron transfer
- Covalent bonds – electron sharing
Chemical Reactions
- Synthesis – building larger molecules
- Decomposition – breaking down molecules
- Exchange – parts of molecules switch places
- Reversible Reactions
Electrolytes
- Substances that release ions in water, conduct electric current
Acids and Bases
- Acids release hydrogen ions (H+)
- Bases release hydroxide ions (OH-)
- pH scale measures acidity
- Buffers – resist changes in pH.
Organic Molecules
- Organic molecules contain carbon and hydrogen
- Generally water-soluble
- Examples – Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
Inorganic Molecules
- Generally do not contain carbon
- Often dissolve in water to form ions
- Examples – water, oxygen, and many salts
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
- Detailed descriptions, including chemical formulas, functions, and structural features of each group
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Description
Dive into the essential concepts of Anatomy and Physiology, including levels of organization, various tissue types, and the historical origins of medical science. This quiz covers intelligent insights into human body structure and function, as well as the evolution of medical practices. Test your understanding of key topics from the early beginnings of healing to modern anatomical studies.
