Anatomy and Physiology Overview
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Questions and Answers

What happens to a body part when oxygen is removed?

  • It begins to regenerate.
  • It starts to die. (correct)
  • It becomes more efficient.
  • It begins to produce heat.

What is the primary role of effectors in homeostasis?

  • To detect changes in the environment.
  • To compare changes to the set point.
  • To carry signals to the brain.
  • To correct changes and bring conditions back to normal. (correct)

How does negative feedback function in homeostasis?

  • It stabilizes conditions by reversing changes. (correct)
  • It activates only during emergencies.
  • It creates a positive response to deviations.
  • It amplifies changes to reach a new set point.

In which situation is positive feedback primarily used in the body?

<p>During childbirth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a control center do in a homeostatic mechanism?

<p>Compares changes to the set point and signals effectors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary study focus of anatomy?

<p>The study of the structure and morphology of the body and its parts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the core themes of A&P?

<p>Genetic variability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of life involves a change in body position or location?

<p>Movement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most abundant substance in the human body?

<p>Water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which level of organization consists of a group of tissues working together for a common purpose?

<p>Organ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of respiration in organisms?

<p>Making energy by taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue connects muscles to bones?

<p>Connective tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which requirement of organisms is essential for the regulation of body temperature?

<p>Water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cell membrane?

<p>Covers and protects the cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for making steroids and fats?

<p>Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures are always found in pairs at right angles and help in cell division?

<p>Centrioles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the rough endoplasmic reticulum differ from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

<p>Rough ER is covered with ribosomes, while smooth ER is not (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Golgi apparatus in the cell?

<p>Packages and transports proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the abdomen contains the stomach?

<p>Epigastric Region (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main substance that mitochondria produce?

<p>ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the endoplasmic reticulum?

<p>The smooth ER produces ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is formed when atoms share electrons?

<p>Covalent Bond (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fatty acid contains only single carbon-hydrogen bonds?

<p>Saturated Fatty Acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property distinguishes organic molecules from inorganic molecules?

<p>Contain C and H bonded to each other (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What pH range is considered acidic?

<p>0-7 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reaction produces a more complex chemical structure?

<p>Synthesis Reaction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is a product of the decomposition reaction AB -> A + B?

<p>Both A and B (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of amino acids in proteins?

<p>Building blocks of proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of ion is formed when an atom gains electrons?

<p>Anion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bond is typically weaker than ionic and covalent bonds?

<p>Hydrogen Bond (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what structure does DNA primarily store genetic information?

<p>Double helix (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of molecule is glucose classified as?

<p>Monosaccharide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a person's body when the pH rises to 7.5-7.8?

<p>They feel dizzy and agitated (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic molecule?

<p>Water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component of phospholipids makes them crucial for cell membranes?

<p>Phosphate group (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of serous membranes?

<p>To secrete serous fluid that prevents friction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which order do the following anatomical terms represent relative position from top to bottom?

<p>Superior, Inferior, Anterior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the metabolic rate during aging?

<p>It decreases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the effects of the nervous system differ from those of the endocrine system?

<p>Nervous system effects are rapid and short-term, while endocrine effects are slower and long-lasting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the thoracic cavity?

<p>It contains the heart and lungs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the abdominopelvic cavity consist of?

<p>A combination of abdominal and pelvic cavities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding lymphatic system functions is correct?

<p>It carries fats from the digestive system to blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical layer of the serous membrane covers the organs directly?

<p>Visceral layer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bacteria is associated with causing infections as they can spread systemically?

<p>Staphylococcus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which plane would you find superior and inferior sections of the body?

<p>Transverse plane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the aging process is true?

<p>Atrophy of tissues is a normal part of aging (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one role of the integumentary system?

<p>Protection and temperature regulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the structure of a virus?

<p>Acellular, made of proteins and genetic material (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of organ systems is primarily involved in transporting nutrients and gases throughout the body?

<p>Cardiovascular and respiratory systems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Stimulus

A change in the internal environment that triggers a homeostatic response.

Receptor

Specialized cells or tissues that detect changes in the internal environment.

Control Center

The part of the body that processes information from receptors and sends signals to effectors.

Effectors

Muscles or glands that carry out the response to a stimulus.

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Negative Feedback

The most common type of homeostatic mechanism. It reverses changes in the body to maintain a stable internal environment.

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Anatomy

The study of the structure and organization of the human body.

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Physiology

The study of the functions of the human body and its parts.

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Homeostasis

The maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body, despite external changes.

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Cell

The basic structural and functional unit of living organisms.

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Tissue

A group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function.

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Organ

A structure made up of different tissues that work together to perform a specific function.

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Organ System

A group of organs that work together to perform a major function in the body.

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Organism

A complete living organism, consisting of all the organ systems working together.

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Blood Agar Plate (BAP)

A type of agar plate used to grow bacteria, typically using sheep blood as a growth medium.

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Cell Membrane

The outermost layer of a cell that acts as a barrier, providing protection and regulating the passage of substances like water and electrolytes.

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Mitochondria

Small, oval-shaped organelles found within cells. They are responsible for producing ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the cell's primary energy source.

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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

A network of interconnected membranes within a cell, studded with ribosomes. It plays a crucial role in protein synthesis.

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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

A network of interconnected membranes within a cell that lacks ribosomes. It is primarily involved in the synthesis of lipids (fats) and steroids.

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Nucleolus

A structure within the nucleus of a cell. It is responsible for the synthesis of ribosomes, which are crucial for protein production.

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Golgi Apparatus

A stack of flattened, membrane-bound sacs within a cell. It plays a crucial role in packaging and sorting proteins and other cellular products.

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Centrioles

Pair of small, cylindrical structures present within cells. They are involved in cell division, particularly in the formation of spindle fibers.

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Positive feedback

A type of feedback mechanism where a change in a variable intensifies the initial change, leading to a further deviation from homeostasis, although eventually, it may cause the system to reverse the change and return to equilibrium.

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Cranial cavity

The space enclosed within the skull that contains the brain.

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Vertebral canal

The canal within the vertebral column that houses the spinal cord.

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Thoracic cavity

The cavity in the ventral body that houses the heart, lungs, and associated structures.

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Diaphragm

A muscular sheet that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.

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Abdominopelvic cavity

The cavity in the ventral body that houses the abdominal organs and the pelvic organs.

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Abdominal cavity

The cavity in the abdominopelvic cavity that contains the stomach, intestines, liver, and other digestive organs.

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Pelvic cavity

The cavity in the abdominopelvic cavity that contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum.

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Serous membranes

Double-layered membranes that line the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities, secreting serous fluid to reduce friction between organs and cavity walls.

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Visceral layer

The inner layer of a serous membrane that covers organs.

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Parietal layer

The outer layer of a serous membrane that lines the cavity wall.

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Pleura

The serous membrane that surrounds the lungs.

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Pericardium

The serous membrane that surrounds the heart.

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Peritoneum

The serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs.

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Protons

Positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom.

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Neutrons

Neutral particles found in the nucleus of an atom. They have no charge.

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Orbital

The region around the nucleus where electrons move.

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Electrons

Negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus of an atom.

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Molecule

A particle formed when two or more atoms are chemically combined.

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Compound

A particle formed when two or more atoms of different elements are chemically combined.

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Ionic Bond

A chemical bond formed when electrons are transferred between atoms, creating ions with opposite charges.

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Ion

An electrically charged atom that gains or loses electrons to become stable.

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Cation

A positively charged ion formed when an atom loses electrons.

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Anion

A negatively charged ion formed when an atom gains electrons.

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Covalent Bond

A strong chemical bond formed between atoms that share electrons.

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Hydrogen Bond

A weak bond that forms between slightly positive and slightly negative ends of polar molecules.

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Electrolytes

Substances that release ions in water and can conduct electric current.

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Acid

Substances that release hydrogen ions (H+) in water, increasing hydrogen ion concentration.

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Study Notes

Homework and Chapter Assignments

  • HW due Saturdays at 11:59 pm
  • Focus on Chemistry – many students have trouble with Ch. 2
  • Chapters 1-6
  • Chapters 7-12
  • Chapters 13-14

Origins of Medical Science

  • Early healers relied on superstition and magic
  • Corpse and cadaver dissection advanced knowledge of the human body
  • Understanding of anatomy and physiology developed through experimentation

Anatomy and Physiology (A&P)

  • Anatomy – the study of structure and morphology of the human body and its parts
  • Physiology – the study of the functions of the human body and its parts
  • Studies normal structure and function of the body

Levels of Organization

  • Atom
  • Molecule
  • Macromolecules
    • Proteins
    • Fats
    • Lipids
    • Carbohydrates
  • Cell
    • DNA/RNA
  • Pap smear evaluates cell changes for abnormalities
  • Red blood cells
  • Neurons
  • Tissue - Biopsy evaluates tissue for abnormalities
  • Epithelial tissue

Connective Tissue, Muscle Tissue, Nervous Tissue, Organ

  • Connective tissue - connects bone to move the body
  • Muscle tissue
  • Nervous tissue
  • Organ – made of various tissues working together
  • Organ system – made of several different organs working together
  • Organism – the whole living being.

Core Themes of A&P

  • Homeostasis – maintaining a stable internal environment
  • The Cell – the basic unit of life
  • Internal environment – the environment inside of the body
  • Interdependence of cells – cells depend on each other for their functions
  • Structure and function – interrelated aspects of biology

Characteristics of Life

  • Growth – increase in cell number and size
  • Reproduction – production of new cells or organisms
  • Responsiveness – reaction to internal or external changes
  • Movement – change in physical position or location
  • Metabolism – all chemical processes in the body
  • Respiration – taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide
  • Digestion – breaking down food for absorption
  • Circulation – moving chemicals and cells through the body fluids
  • Excretion – removing waste products from the body

Requirements of Organisms

  • Chemicals
    • Water – most abundant substance in the body, required for metabolic processes, transport, and temperature regulation
    • Food – provides energy, building blocks for tissues and cells

Oxygen

  • Provides energy
  • If deprived to an area, pain occurs
  • If removed, body part dies

Homeostasis Mechanisms

  • Stimulus – a change in the internal environment
  • Receptors – detect the change
  • Control Center – compares the change to a set point and sends signals
  • Effectors – muscles or glands that respond to the signal
  • Response – a change to correct the initial change

Negative Feedback

  • Corrects deviations from normal ranges
  • Effects decrease deviations from the setpoint
  • Examples - body temperature regulation and blood pressure

Positive Feedback

  • Intensifies a change
  • Examples – childbirth and blood clotting

Organization of the Human Body

  • Dorsal body cavity – back – cranial cavity and vertebral canal
  • Ventral body cavity – front – thoracic cavity (pleural cavities, mediastinum, pericardial cavity), diaphragm separates from the abdominal cavity, abdominalpelvic cavity (abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity)

Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Membranes

  • Lined by double-layered serous membranes
  • Visceral layer – covers the organ
  • Parietal layer – lines the wall of the cavity
  • Examples – visceral and parietal pleura (lungs), visceral and parietal pericardium (heart), visceral and parietal peritoneum

Organ Systems

  • Integumentary system – protection, body temperature regulation
  • Skeletal system – support & movement
  • Muscular system – movement
  • Nervous system – control and coordination
  • Endocrine system – hormone regulation
  • Cardiovascula system– blood flow
  • Lymphatic system – fluid balance and immunity
  • Digestive system – breaking down food
  • Respiratory system – gas exchange
  • Urinary system – waste removal, fluid balance
  • reproductive System – reproduction

Lifespan Changes

  • Aging occurs at a cellular level and impacts tissues and organs
  • Hair loses pigment, skin wrinkles and stiffens, etc.

Anatomical Position

  • Patient facing you
  • Standing upright
  • Arms down at sides
  • Palms forward

Relative Position Terms

  • Superior/Inferior – above/below
  • Anterior/Posterior – front/back
  • Medial/Lateral – middle/side
  • Bilateral – paired structures on both sides
  • Ipsilateral – same side
  • Contralateral – opposite side
  • Proximal/Distal – close to or far from the point of attachment

Sections of the Body

  • Sagittal plane – divides body into right and left sections
  • Transverse plane – divides body into top and bottom sections
  • Coronal plane – divides body into front and back sections

Abdominal Regions and Quadrants

  • Study of abdominal regions.

Lab

  • Microbiology - the study of organisms not visible to the naked eye
  • Virus - smallest microorganism (protein and DNA/RNA)
  • Bacteria – larger than viruses, cells with no nucleus
    • Spherical
    • Rod-shaped
    • Spiral
  • Cultures – TSA, BAP
  • Cell structures

Structures of Cell

  • Cell membrane – protection, transport
  • Mitochondria – energy production
  • Organelles – various cellular functions (e.g., ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, centrioles)

Review

  • Levels of Organization
  • Feedback loops
  • General idea of systems
  • Planes of the body: superior/inferior, etc.
  • Abdominal plane, regions and quadrants

Chemistry Review

  • Chemical formulas (organic/inorganic)
  • Planes of the body, sections of the body
  • PH
  • Regions of the abdomen

Atomic Structure

  • Nucleus – protons (positive), neutrons (neutral)
  • Orbitals – electrons (negative)
  • Molecules – atoms bonded together
  • Compounds

Bonding of Atoms

  • Ionic bonds – electron transfer
  • Covalent bonds – electron sharing

Chemical Reactions

  • Synthesis – building larger molecules
  • Decomposition – breaking down molecules
  • Exchange – parts of molecules switch places
  • Reversible Reactions

Electrolytes

  • Substances that release ions in water, conduct electric current

Acids and Bases

  • Acids release hydrogen ions (H+)
  • Bases release hydroxide ions (OH-)
  • pH scale measures acidity
  • Buffers – resist changes in pH.

Organic Molecules

  • Organic molecules contain carbon and hydrogen
  • Generally water-soluble
  • Examples – Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

Inorganic Molecules

  • Generally do not contain carbon
  • Often dissolve in water to form ions
  • Examples – water, oxygen, and many salts

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

  • Detailed descriptions, including chemical formulas, functions, and structural features of each group

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Description

Dive into the essential concepts of Anatomy and Physiology, including levels of organization, various tissue types, and the historical origins of medical science. This quiz covers intelligent insights into human body structure and function, as well as the evolution of medical practices. Test your understanding of key topics from the early beginnings of healing to modern anatomical studies.

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