Anatomy & Physiology I Review (BIOS251)
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of a buffer?

  • To convert weak acids or bases into strong acids or bases.
  • To cause significant changes in pH.
  • To increase pH levels.
  • To minimize changes in pH. (correct)

What does the hematological system produce?

all blood cell lines

Enzymes function by increasing the energy of activation.

False (B)

Respiratory acidosis occurs when too much ______ is not removed from the body.

<p>carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of an acidic solution?

<p>pH &lt; 7 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of enzymes?

<p>Increase the energy of activation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

<p>Buffer = Minimizes changes in pH Hematological System = Produces blood cell lines Respiratory Acidosis = Caused by CO2 retention Acids = Donate H+ in water</p> Signup and view all the answers

Acids have a pH greater than 7

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of a base?

<p>Accepts H+ when dissolved in water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Triglycerides are a type of carbohydrate macromolecule.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the cranial cavity?

<p>To house and protect the central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

The liquid component of blood that travels in the circulatory system is called ______.

<p>plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Chargaff's rule, in DNA, the amount of adenine (A) is always equal to the amount of:

<p>Thymine (T) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following macromolecules with their basic components:

<p>Carbohydrates = Glucose Lipids = Triglycerides Proteins = Amino Acids Nucleic Acids = Nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

Excluding the cell, what is the fluid called?

<p>Extracellular fluid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Write the complementary strand for the DNA sequence: GACTACTGAT

<p>CTGATGACTA</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

<p>Presence of membrane-bound organelles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Eukaryotic cells are exclusively found in multicellular organisms.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the skeletal system in blood cell formation?

<p>hematopoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

A __________ is a type of lipid with two long hydrocarbon tails and a head with a phosphate group; it is also a major constituent of the plasma membrane.

<p>phospholipid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their correct description:

<p>Saturated Fats = Triglycerides with three saturated fatty acid tails Unsaturated Fats = Triglycerides with one or more unsaturated fatty acid tails Steroids = Lipids with a rigid backbone of four carbon rings Ischemia = Condition of reduced blood flow and oxygen in a body part</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lipid has a characteristic pattern of four carbon rings?

<p>Steroid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most substances with a high proportion of unsaturated fats are solids at room temperature.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Provide one function of the skeletal system, other than providing structural support.

<p>protects internal organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

A condition where the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply at the tissue level is known as:

<p>Hypoxemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lipids are hydrophilic, meaning they are water-loving molecules.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of enzymes?

<p>catalyze biochemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

The macromolecule that is the most abundant in living systems and has a diverse range of functions is called a ______.

<p>protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their associated descriptions:

<p>Infarction = Obstruction of blood supply to an organ or region of tissue Necrosis = Death of body tissue due to reduced blood flow Gangrene = Condition that can develop when blood supply is interrupted Anatomy = Study of human structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following macromolecules carry the genetic information of a cell?

<p>Nucleic Acids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common feature that unites lipids?

<p>hydrophobic nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines Physiology?

<p>The study of human function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Homeostasis is the process of maintaining the status quo of the external environment.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical position?

<p>A person standing erect with the head, eyes, and toes directed forward, upper limbs by the side with palms facing forward, and lower limbs together with the feet directed anteriorly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ________ plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

<p>Transverse</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following anatomical planes with their descriptions:

<p>Median = Divides the body into left and right halves Sagittal = Parallel to the median plane Coronal = Divides the body into anterior and posterior aspects Transverse = Divides the body into superior and inferior parts</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?

<p>Coronal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sagittal plane always divides the body directly down the middle into equal halves.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name all the different anatomical planes.

<p>Median, Sagittal, Coronal/Frontal, Horizontal/Transverse</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following subatomic particles carries a positive charge?

<p>Protons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The atomic mass of an element is solely determined by the number of protons in its atom.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of electrons in the final stage of aerobic respiration?

<p>Electrons combine with oxygen to form water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The atomic ____ of an element is equal to the number of protons in the element.

<p>number</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the subatomic particles with their charges:

<p>Protons = Positive Electrons = Negative Neutrons = No charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Buffer

A solution that minimizes pH changes by neutralizing strong acids or bases, preventing significant shifts in pH.

Hematological System

The system responsible for producing all blood cell types, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Function of Enzymes

Enzymes lower the activation energy required for a reaction to occur, speeding up the rate of the reaction. They act as catalysts, not being consumed in the process.

Respiratory Acidosis

A condition where the lungs cannot remove enough carbon dioxide (CO2) from the body, leading to an acidic blood pH (lower than 7.35).

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Acids

Substances that donate H+ ions when dissolved in water. Acidic solutions have a pH less than 7.

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Acidosis

A condition where the blood pH is below the normal range (less than 7.35), usually due to an accumulation of acids in the body.

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Bases

Substances that can neutralize acids by accepting H+ ions. They are typically characterized by a high pH (more than 7).

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Hematopoiesis

The system responsible for the production of all blood cell types, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

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Basic solution

A solution with a pH greater than 7. It indicates a higher concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-) than hydrogen ions (H+).

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Macromolecule

A type of large biological molecule made of smaller repeating units called monomers. The four main types are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

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Cranial cavity

The cavity within the skull that encloses and protects the brain. It's like a protective helmet for your brain.

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Extracellular fluid

The fluid found outside of cells, surrounding them. It plays a vital role in transporting nutrients and removing waste products.

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Blood plasma

The liquid component of blood. It carries essential substances like nutrients, oxygen, and hormones throughout the body.

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Chargaff's rule

A rule stating that in DNA, the amount of Adenine (A) always equals Thymine (T) and the amount of Guanine (G) always equals Cytosine (C).

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Cell death

The process of cell death. It can occur through various mechanisms including ischemia, hypoxia, infarction, necrosis, and gangrene.

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Eukaryotic cell

The presence of a nucleus distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells. This means that eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus that houses their genetic material.

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Prokaryotic Cells

Single-celled organisms belonging to the domains Bacteria and Archaea. Lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Much smaller than eukaryotic cells.

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Phospholipid

A type of lipid with two long hydrocarbon tails and a head with a phosphate group. The major component of the plasma membrane.

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Saturated Fats

Triglycerides with three saturated fatty acid tails.

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Unsaturated Fats

Triglycerides with one or more unsaturated fatty acid tails.

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Ischemia

A condition where blood flow and oxygen supply are restricted or reduced to a part of the body.

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Functions of the Skeletal System

Provides structural support, protects internal organs, enables movement, plays a major role in blood cell formation (hematopoiesis), and stores calcium.

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Steroids

Lipids with no fatty acid tails. They have a rigid backbone with a characteristic pattern of four carbon rings.

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Proton

A positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom.

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Electron

A negatively charged particle that orbits the nucleus of an atom.

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Neutron

A particle found in the nucleus of an atom that has no charge.

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Atomic Number

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. It defines the element.

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Atomic Mass

The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. It represents the atom's mass.

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Physiology

The study of how the human body functions.

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Homeostasis

The process of maintaining a stable internal environment within the body, despite external changes.

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Anatomical Position

A standard reference position for describing body structures. The body is standing erect, with arms by the sides, palms facing forward, feet together, and toes pointing forward.

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Median Plane

A vertical plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves.

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Sagittal Plane

A vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right sections.

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Coronal/Frontal Plane

A vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections.

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Transverse/Horizontal Plane

A horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) sections.

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Anatomical Planes

Different ways to divide the body for anatomical reference: Median, Sagittal, Coronal/Frontal, and Transverse/Horizontal.

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Hypoxemia

A condition where the body or a specific region lacks sufficient oxygen supply at the tissue level.

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Infarction

The blockage of blood flow to an organ or tissue, typically caused by a clot or embolus, leading to localized tissue death.

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Necrosis

The death of body tissue, often due to lack of blood supply, injury, radiation, or chemicals.

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Gangrene

A condition where blood supply to a region is cut off, potentially leading to tissue death and decay.

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Carbohydrates

Large molecules consisting of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. They are the primary source of energy for the body.

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Proteins

The most abundant organic molecules in living systems, performing a wide range of functions.

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Lipids

A diverse group of molecules characterized by being hydrophobic, or insoluble in water.

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Nucleic Acids

Essential macromolecules that carry genetic information and instructions for cell function.

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Study Notes

Anatomy and Physiology I Review (BIOS251/BIOS 251)

  • Week 1 & 2 Exam Review: Covers material from the first two weeks of a 2024/2025 Anatomy and Physiology I course with a lab component.
  • Source: Stuvia (online study resource)
  • Format: A series of question-and-answer pairs, focusing on key concepts related to anatomy and physiology.
  • Accuracy: 100% correct answers, verified for accuracy.
  • Grade: A-level performance at Chamberlain University.

Buffer

  • Definition: Minimizes changes in pH by preventing significant fluctuations.
  • Function: A solution that resists pH change upon addition of acidic or basic components.
  • Mechanism: Converts strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases.

Hematological System

  • Definition: Responsible for producing all blood cell lines within the body.

Enzyme Function

  • Lower Activation Energy: Enzymes decrease the energy needed for reactions to occur.
  • Increase Reaction Rate, but not Affected by products: Enzymes speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the reaction.
  • Catalytic Activity: Enzymes are biological catalysts.

Respiratory Acidosis

  • Cause: The lungs cannot remove enough carbon dioxide (CO2).
  • Result: Blood becomes acidic; pH decreases.

Acids

  • Definition: Donate H+ when dissolved in water.
  • pH: Acidic solutions have a pH less than 7.

Bases

  • Definition: Accept H+ when dissolved in water.
  • pH: Basic solutions have a pH greater than 7.

Macromolecules

  • Carbohydrates: Composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen; include sugars.
  • Lipids: Diverse group of compounds, hydrophobic (water-fearing), nonpolar molecules.
  • Proteins: Abundant organic molecules, diverse functions (enzymes, hormones).
  • Nucleic Acids: Key macromolecules in the continuity of life, encoding genetic information.

Cranial Cavity

  • Function: Houses and protects structures of the central nervous system.

Extracellular Fluid

  • Definition: Body fluid outside of cells.

Blood Plasma

  • Definition: Liquid component of blood; circulates through the circulatory system.

Lipid Functions

  • Energy Storage: Lipids store and provide energy.
  • Chemical Messengers: Some lipids act as chemical messengers in the body.
  • Cholesterol Formation: Lipids are involved in cholesterol formation.
  • Temperature Regulation: Lipids help to regulate body temperature.
  • Inflammation: Lipids participate in the inflammatory response (e.g., prostaglandins).
  • Membrane Formation: Lipids form the layers of cell membranes.

Chargaff's Rule

  • Base Pairing: In DNA, the amount of adenine (A) equals thymine (T), and the amount of guanine (G) equals cytosine (C).

Cell Death

  • Ischemia: Reduced/restricted blood flow to a tissue.
  • Hypoxemia: Reduced level of oxygen in the body.
  • Infarction: Localized tissue death due to lack of blood flow.
  • Necrosis: Cell death caused by insufficient blood flow, injury, or toxins.
  • Gangrene: Extensive tissue death due to severe ischemia.

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

  • Prokaryotes: Lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
  • Eukaryotes: Contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Skeletal System Functions

  • Support: Structural support for the body.
  • Protection: Protects internal organs.
  • Movement: Enables movement through skeletal muscle connections.
  • Hematopoiesis: Involved in blood cell formation.
  • Calcium Storage: Stores calcium.

Steroids

  • Characteristics: Lipids without fatty acid tails; characteristic four-ring carbon structure.

Phospholipids

  • Structure: Lipid with two hydrocarbon tails (often fatty acids) and a phosphate-containing head.
  • Function: Major component of cell membranes.

Saturated Fats

  • Structure: Triglyceride consisting of three saturated fatty acid tails.

Unsaturated Fats

  • Structure: Triglycerides with one or more unsaturated fatty acid tails.
  • State at room temperature: Typically oils (liquid at room temperature).

Hypoxemia

  • Definition: Oxygen deprivation at the tissue level.

Infarction

  • Definition: Tissue death due to interrupted blood supply.

Necrosis

  • Definition: Cell death due to factors like injury, radiation, or toxins.

Gangrene

  • Definition: Extensive tissue death due to impaired blood supply.

Anatomical Planes

  • Median: Divides the body into left and right halves.
  • Sagittal: Parallel to median, dividing the body into unequal sections.
  • Coronal/Frontal: Perpendicular to median, divides body into front and back.
  • Transverse/Horizontal: Divides body into top and bottom halves.

Directional Terms

  • Contralateral: Opposite side of the body.
  • Ipsilateral: Same side of the body.
  • Proximal: Closer to the point of attachment.
  • Distal: Further from the point of attachment.

Biological Organization (Complex to Simple)

  • Organism: Whole living thing.
  • Organ System: Group of organs working together.
  • Organ: Structure composed of tissues.
  • Tissue: Group of cells with similar structure and function.
  • Cellular: Individual cells.
  • Chemical: Atoms and molecules.

Other Terminology

  • Anatomy: Study of the structure of the human body.
  • Physiology: Study of the function of the human body.
  • Homeostasis: Maintaining stable internal conditions.
  • Atom: Basic unit of matter.
  • Subatomic Particles: Protons, neutrons, and electrons.
  • Protons: Positive charge.
  • Neutrons: No charge.
  • Electrons: Negative charge.
  • Enzymes: Biological catalysts in biochemical reactions.

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Week 1 & 2 Exam Review: BIOS251/BIOS 251 (2024/2025) Anatomy & Physiology I PDF

Description

This quiz covers essential concepts from the first two weeks of the Anatomy and Physiology I course, specifically for BIOS251. It includes Q&A pairs that focus on critical topics such as buffers, the hematological system, and enzyme functions. Perfect for students aiming for A-level performance at Chamberlain University.

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