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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of a buffer?
What is the primary function of a buffer?
What does the hematological system produce?
What does the hematological system produce?
all blood cell lines
Enzymes function by increasing the energy of activation.
Enzymes function by increasing the energy of activation.
False
Respiratory acidosis occurs when too much ______ is not removed from the body.
Respiratory acidosis occurs when too much ______ is not removed from the body.
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Which of the following is a characteristic of an acidic solution?
Which of the following is a characteristic of an acidic solution?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of enzymes?
Which of the following is NOT a function of enzymes?
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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Acids have a pH greater than 7
Acids have a pH greater than 7
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Which of the following is a characteristic of a base?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a base?
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Triglycerides are a type of carbohydrate macromolecule.
Triglycerides are a type of carbohydrate macromolecule.
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What is the main function of the cranial cavity?
What is the main function of the cranial cavity?
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The liquid component of blood that travels in the circulatory system is called ______.
The liquid component of blood that travels in the circulatory system is called ______.
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According to Chargaff's rule, in DNA, the amount of adenine (A) is always equal to the amount of:
According to Chargaff's rule, in DNA, the amount of adenine (A) is always equal to the amount of:
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Match the following macromolecules with their basic components:
Match the following macromolecules with their basic components:
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Excluding the cell, what is the fluid called?
Excluding the cell, what is the fluid called?
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Write the complementary strand for the DNA sequence: GACTACTGAT
Write the complementary strand for the DNA sequence: GACTACTGAT
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?
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Eukaryotic cells are exclusively found in multicellular organisms.
Eukaryotic cells are exclusively found in multicellular organisms.
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What is the primary role of the skeletal system in blood cell formation?
What is the primary role of the skeletal system in blood cell formation?
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A __________ is a type of lipid with two long hydrocarbon tails and a head with a phosphate group; it is also a major constituent of the plasma membrane.
A __________ is a type of lipid with two long hydrocarbon tails and a head with a phosphate group; it is also a major constituent of the plasma membrane.
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Match the following terms with their correct description:
Match the following terms with their correct description:
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Which type of lipid has a characteristic pattern of four carbon rings?
Which type of lipid has a characteristic pattern of four carbon rings?
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Most substances with a high proportion of unsaturated fats are solids at room temperature.
Most substances with a high proportion of unsaturated fats are solids at room temperature.
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Provide one function of the skeletal system, other than providing structural support.
Provide one function of the skeletal system, other than providing structural support.
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A condition where the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply at the tissue level is known as:
A condition where the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply at the tissue level is known as:
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Lipids are hydrophilic, meaning they are water-loving molecules.
Lipids are hydrophilic, meaning they are water-loving molecules.
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What is the primary function of enzymes?
What is the primary function of enzymes?
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The macromolecule that is the most abundant in living systems and has a diverse range of functions is called a ______.
The macromolecule that is the most abundant in living systems and has a diverse range of functions is called a ______.
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Match the following terms with their associated descriptions:
Match the following terms with their associated descriptions:
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Which of the following macromolecules carry the genetic information of a cell?
Which of the following macromolecules carry the genetic information of a cell?
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Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen.
Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen.
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What is the common feature that unites lipids?
What is the common feature that unites lipids?
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Which of the following best defines Physiology?
Which of the following best defines Physiology?
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Homeostasis is the process of maintaining the status quo of the external environment.
Homeostasis is the process of maintaining the status quo of the external environment.
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What is the anatomical position?
What is the anatomical position?
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The ________ plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts.
The ________ plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts.
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Match the following anatomical planes with their descriptions:
Match the following anatomical planes with their descriptions:
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Which anatomical plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?
Which anatomical plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?
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The sagittal plane always divides the body directly down the middle into equal halves.
The sagittal plane always divides the body directly down the middle into equal halves.
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Name all the different anatomical planes.
Name all the different anatomical planes.
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Which of the following subatomic particles carries a positive charge?
Which of the following subatomic particles carries a positive charge?
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The atomic mass of an element is solely determined by the number of protons in its atom.
The atomic mass of an element is solely determined by the number of protons in its atom.
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What is the role of electrons in the final stage of aerobic respiration?
What is the role of electrons in the final stage of aerobic respiration?
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The atomic ____ of an element is equal to the number of protons in the element.
The atomic ____ of an element is equal to the number of protons in the element.
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Match the subatomic particles with their charges:
Match the subatomic particles with their charges:
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Study Notes
Anatomy and Physiology I Review (BIOS251/BIOS 251)
- Week 1 & 2 Exam Review: Covers material from the first two weeks of a 2024/2025 Anatomy and Physiology I course with a lab component.
- Source: Stuvia (online study resource)
- Format: A series of question-and-answer pairs, focusing on key concepts related to anatomy and physiology.
- Accuracy: 100% correct answers, verified for accuracy.
- Grade: A-level performance at Chamberlain University.
Buffer
- Definition: Minimizes changes in pH by preventing significant fluctuations.
- Function: A solution that resists pH change upon addition of acidic or basic components.
- Mechanism: Converts strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases.
Hematological System
- Definition: Responsible for producing all blood cell lines within the body.
Enzyme Function
- Lower Activation Energy: Enzymes decrease the energy needed for reactions to occur.
- Increase Reaction Rate, but not Affected by products: Enzymes speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the reaction.
- Catalytic Activity: Enzymes are biological catalysts.
Respiratory Acidosis
- Cause: The lungs cannot remove enough carbon dioxide (CO2).
- Result: Blood becomes acidic; pH decreases.
Acids
- Definition: Donate H+ when dissolved in water.
- pH: Acidic solutions have a pH less than 7.
Bases
- Definition: Accept H+ when dissolved in water.
- pH: Basic solutions have a pH greater than 7.
Macromolecules
- Carbohydrates: Composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen; include sugars.
- Lipids: Diverse group of compounds, hydrophobic (water-fearing), nonpolar molecules.
- Proteins: Abundant organic molecules, diverse functions (enzymes, hormones).
- Nucleic Acids: Key macromolecules in the continuity of life, encoding genetic information.
Cranial Cavity
- Function: Houses and protects structures of the central nervous system.
Extracellular Fluid
- Definition: Body fluid outside of cells.
Blood Plasma
- Definition: Liquid component of blood; circulates through the circulatory system.
Lipid Functions
- Energy Storage: Lipids store and provide energy.
- Chemical Messengers: Some lipids act as chemical messengers in the body.
- Cholesterol Formation: Lipids are involved in cholesterol formation.
- Temperature Regulation: Lipids help to regulate body temperature.
- Inflammation: Lipids participate in the inflammatory response (e.g., prostaglandins).
- Membrane Formation: Lipids form the layers of cell membranes.
Chargaff's Rule
- Base Pairing: In DNA, the amount of adenine (A) equals thymine (T), and the amount of guanine (G) equals cytosine (C).
Cell Death
- Ischemia: Reduced/restricted blood flow to a tissue.
- Hypoxemia: Reduced level of oxygen in the body.
- Infarction: Localized tissue death due to lack of blood flow.
- Necrosis: Cell death caused by insufficient blood flow, injury, or toxins.
- Gangrene: Extensive tissue death due to severe ischemia.
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
- Prokaryotes: Lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- Eukaryotes: Contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Skeletal System Functions
- Support: Structural support for the body.
- Protection: Protects internal organs.
- Movement: Enables movement through skeletal muscle connections.
- Hematopoiesis: Involved in blood cell formation.
- Calcium Storage: Stores calcium.
Steroids
- Characteristics: Lipids without fatty acid tails; characteristic four-ring carbon structure.
Phospholipids
- Structure: Lipid with two hydrocarbon tails (often fatty acids) and a phosphate-containing head.
- Function: Major component of cell membranes.
Saturated Fats
- Structure: Triglyceride consisting of three saturated fatty acid tails.
Unsaturated Fats
- Structure: Triglycerides with one or more unsaturated fatty acid tails.
- State at room temperature: Typically oils (liquid at room temperature).
Hypoxemia
- Definition: Oxygen deprivation at the tissue level.
Infarction
- Definition: Tissue death due to interrupted blood supply.
Necrosis
- Definition: Cell death due to factors like injury, radiation, or toxins.
Gangrene
- Definition: Extensive tissue death due to impaired blood supply.
Anatomical Planes
- Median: Divides the body into left and right halves.
- Sagittal: Parallel to median, dividing the body into unequal sections.
- Coronal/Frontal: Perpendicular to median, divides body into front and back.
- Transverse/Horizontal: Divides body into top and bottom halves.
Directional Terms
- Contralateral: Opposite side of the body.
- Ipsilateral: Same side of the body.
- Proximal: Closer to the point of attachment.
- Distal: Further from the point of attachment.
Biological Organization (Complex to Simple)
- Organism: Whole living thing.
- Organ System: Group of organs working together.
- Organ: Structure composed of tissues.
- Tissue: Group of cells with similar structure and function.
- Cellular: Individual cells.
- Chemical: Atoms and molecules.
Other Terminology
- Anatomy: Study of the structure of the human body.
- Physiology: Study of the function of the human body.
- Homeostasis: Maintaining stable internal conditions.
- Atom: Basic unit of matter.
- Subatomic Particles: Protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- Protons: Positive charge.
- Neutrons: No charge.
- Electrons: Negative charge.
- Enzymes: Biological catalysts in biochemical reactions.
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Description
This quiz covers essential concepts from the first two weeks of the Anatomy and Physiology I course, specifically for BIOS251. It includes Q&A pairs that focus on critical topics such as buffers, the hematological system, and enzyme functions. Perfect for students aiming for A-level performance at Chamberlain University.
