Questions and Answers
Compare the difference between gross and microscopic anatomy.
Gross anatomy studies large, visible structures like muscles, bones, and tissues, while microscopic anatomy studies structures that are much smaller, such as cells and molecules.
Identify the different roles of an anatomist and physiologist.
An anatomist examines the structures of the body, including organs and tissues, while a physiologist studies the function of these body parts.
Name an example job function performed by both an anatomist and physiologist.
Both an anatomist and a physiologist study the small intestine, focusing on its structure and the breakdown and absorption of nutrients.
If a transverse cut occurs, what two sections will the body divide into?
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If a frontal cut occurs, what two sections will the body divide into?
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If a sagittal cut occurs, what two sections will the body divide into?
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Define homeostasis and give an example of how the body maintains it.
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What role does metabolism play in helping control homeostasis?
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How would we determine whether a bone is found in the axial or appendicular skeleton?
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What is the definition of anterior?
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What is the definition of posterior?
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What is the definition of superior?
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What is the definition of inferior?
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What is the definition of medial?
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What is the definition of lateral?
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What is the definition of bilateral?
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Which tissue is directly responsible for protecting our body from external sources?
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Where in your body are you likely to find epithelial tissue?
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Identify three functions of epithelial tissue.
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Which tissue allows movement to take place?
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Which tissue is responsible for stimulating signals and reactions within the body?
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What are the main functions of nervous tissue?
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How do nervous and muscle tissue work together?
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Where in the body are you likely to find connective and nervous tissue merging together?
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Name and briefly describe three examples of connective tissue.
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If connective tissue were to break down in the body, what would be some adverse health effects?
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Which tissues are lacking in blood supply?
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If tissues lack blood supply, can they still receive oxygen? Explain.
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How can the death of one type of tissue affect other types of tissue in the body?
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What is the primary use of stem cells in biotechnology?
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Provide an example of how stem cells are used in our society.
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Which type of tissue is likely to be associated with your skin?
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What would be some ethical issues involved with receiving animal organs as a replacement for human organs?
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What would be ethical issues involved with stem cell research?
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What is the epidermis?
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What is the dermis?
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What is the hypodermis?
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What role does melanin play in protecting our body?
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How does our skin assist in controlling body temperature?
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What is the skull?
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What are vertebrae?
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What are ribs?
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What is the sternum?
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What is the femur?
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What is the humerus?
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What is the coxal bone?
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What is the tibia?
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What is the pectoral girdle?
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What is the pelvic girdle?
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What are phalanges?
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What are metatarsals?
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What are metacarpals?
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What is the ulna?
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What is the radius?
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What is the patella?
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What are carpals?
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What is the scapula?
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What is the clavicle?
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What are tarsals?
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What is the hyoid?
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What is the fibula?
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What is a short bone?
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What is a long bone?
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What is an irregular bone?
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What is a flat bone?
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What is a fossa?
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What is a crest?
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What is a tubercle?
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What is a foramen?
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What is a sulcus?
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How are nutrients delivered to our bones?
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What is the primary transport system to deliver nutrients and wastes in osteocytes?
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If a large group of osteons join together, what is the end result?
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What role do osteoblasts play?
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What role do osteoclasts play?
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What role do osteocytes play?
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What is the smallest unit of bone tissue called?
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What are the main structures found in Haversian canals?
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What role will the canaliculi play?
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What type(s) of bone tissue are canaliculi found in?
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If a bone is fractured or broken, which type of bone tissue is likely affected?
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What are some causes of increased and decreased calcium levels in the blood?
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Describe what causes a hematoma to form.
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Which group of cells help grow bone tissue and can be converted from stem cells?
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What would the presence of high amounts of collagen indicate about a broken bone?
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Identify some effects that would occur if there was damage to the canaliculi.
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Describe what a deficiency of osteoblasts would result in.
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Describe what a deficiency of osteoclasts would result in.
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Study Notes
Anatomy Basics
- Gross Anatomy: Focuses on large, visible structures like muscles and bones.
- Microscopic Anatomy: Examines smaller components, such as cells and molecules.
Roles of Professionals
- Anatomist: Studies body structures including organs, tissues, and systems.
- Physiologist: Investigates the functions of body parts and their processes.
- Example Careers: Forensic scientists, doctors, nurses, veterinarians, coroners, nutritionists, physical therapists.
Body Sectioning
- Transverse Cut: Divides body into Superior (top) and Inferior (bottom) sections.
- Frontal Cut: Segregates body into Anterior (front) and Posterior (back) sections.
- Sagittal Cut: Creates Left and Right sections; a mid-sagittal cut divides equally.
Homeostasis & Metabolism
- Homeostasis: The body’s process to maintain a stable internal environment (e.g., temperature).
- Metabolism: Encompasses all physiological events that manage energy acquisition, release, and usage, critical for homeostasis.
Skeletal System
- Axial Skeleton: Comprises the skull, vertebrae, and ribs; supports the head and trunk.
- Appendicular Skeleton: Involves limbs; includes femur (thigh bone), humerus (upper arm bone), coxal bone (hip bone), tibia (shin bone), and more.
Tissue Types and Functions
- Epithelial Tissue: Protects against UV rays and pathogens; found in skin and organ walls; functions include protection, secretion, absorption, and excretion.
- Muscle Tissue: Facilitates movement through contraction.
- Nervous Tissue: Conducts impulses for coordination and sensory reception.
Integration of Tissues
- Muscle and nervous tissue collaborate, with muscle contractions triggered by nervous signals.
- Connective and nervous tissue often merge at nerve endings.
Stem Cell Applications
- Used in biotechnology to grow organs from patient's own tissue.
- Example: Skin Gun for treating burn patients using stem cells.
Skin Structure
- Epidermis: Outermost skin layer providing protection.
- Dermis: Thickest layer housing sweat glands and sensory nerves; plays a role in thermoregulation.
- Hypodermis: Insulates and connects skin to underlying tissues.
Bone Structures and Types
- Long Bones: Elongated bones like femur.
- Short Bones: Cube-shaped bones like carpals.
- Flat Bones: Plate-like bones such as skull bones.
- Irregular Bones: Varied shapes, e.g., vertebrae.
Nutritional Aspects of Bone
- Nutrients delivered to bones through blood vessels.
- Canaliculi: Primary transport system for nutrients and waste in osteocytes.
Bone Health and Repair
- Osteons: Smallest units of bone tissue; consist of Haversian canals with blood vessels and nerve fibers.
- Osteoblasts: Cells responsible for bone growth.
- Osteoclasts: Cells aiding in bone resorption.
Effects of Tissue Damage
- Injury to canaliculi can lead to nutrient deficiency and bone death.
- Osteoblast deficiency may cause low bone density and compromised blood matrix.
- High collagen amounts indicate that a bone break is healing.
Ethical Considerations
- Use of animal organs for transplants raises concerns about animal rights and hunting.
- Stem cell research may conflict with certain religious beliefs.
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Description
This study guide quiz focuses on the fundamental concepts of Anatomy and Physiology, including the distinctions between gross and microscopic anatomy. Additional topics cover the roles of anatomists and physiologists, essential for understanding the human body's structure and function.