Anatomy and Physiology Hon Module 1

Questions and Answers

Compare the difference between gross and microscopic anatomy.

Gross anatomy studies large, visible structures like muscles, bones, and tissues, while microscopic anatomy studies structures that are much smaller, such as cells and molecules.

Identify the different roles of an anatomist and physiologist.

An anatomist examines the structures of the body, including organs and tissues, while a physiologist studies the function of these body parts.

Name an example job function performed by both an anatomist and physiologist.

Both an anatomist and a physiologist study the small intestine, focusing on its structure and the breakdown and absorption of nutrients.

If a transverse cut occurs, what two sections will the body divide into?

Superior (top) and Inferior (bottom). Signup and view all the answers

If a frontal cut occurs, what two sections will the body divide into?

Anterior (front) and Posterior (back). Signup and view all the answers

If a sagittal cut occurs, what two sections will the body divide into?

Left and Right. Signup and view all the answers

Define homeostasis and give an example of how the body maintains it.

Homeostasis is the body's maintenance of a stable internal environment, such as temperature regulation. Signup and view all the answers

What role does metabolism play in helping control homeostasis?

Metabolism involves all physiological events and chemical reactions that obtain, release, and use energy, thus affecting homeostasis. Signup and view all the answers

How would we determine whether a bone is found in the axial or appendicular skeleton?

Appendicular bones relate to the limbs, while axial bones are associated with the head, neck, and trunk. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of anterior?

Anterior means towards the front. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of posterior?

Posterior means towards the back. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of superior?

Superior means towards the head; above another part. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of inferior?

Inferior means towards the feet; below another part. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of medial?

Medial means towards the mid-line. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of lateral?

Lateral means further away or away from the midline. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of bilateral?

Bilateral refers to a pair of structures, one on each side, such as lungs or kidneys. Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue is directly responsible for protecting our body from external sources?

Epithelial tissue. Signup and view all the answers

Where in your body are you likely to find epithelial tissue?

In the skin and walls of organs. Signup and view all the answers

Identify three functions of epithelial tissue.

Protection, secretion, absorption. Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue allows movement to take place?

Muscle tissue. Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue is responsible for stimulating signals and reactions within the body?

Nervous tissue. Signup and view all the answers

What are the main functions of nervous tissue?

Conduct impulses for coordination, regulation, integration, and sensory reception. Signup and view all the answers

How do nervous and muscle tissue work together?

Muscle tissue contracts in response to specific stimuli communicated by nervous tissue. Signup and view all the answers

Where in the body are you likely to find connective and nervous tissue merging together?

At nerve endings. Signup and view all the answers

Name and briefly describe three examples of connective tissue.

Blood, bone, cartilage. Signup and view all the answers

If connective tissue were to break down in the body, what would be some adverse health effects?

It could lead to anemia and frequent illness due to lack of blood supply. Signup and view all the answers

Which tissues are lacking in blood supply?

Epithelial tissues. Signup and view all the answers

If tissues lack blood supply, can they still receive oxygen? Explain.

No, they cannot receive oxygen effectively as oxygen is carried in blood. Signup and view all the answers

How can the death of one type of tissue affect other types of tissue in the body?

The death of one type of tissue can affect another because tissues work together to perform specific functions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of stem cells in biotechnology?

To allow new organs to be grown from the patient's own tissue. Signup and view all the answers

Provide an example of how stem cells are used in our society.

The Skin Gun allows burn patients to grow new skin by applying a mixture of their stem cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue is likely to be associated with your skin?

Epithelial tissue. Signup and view all the answers

What would be some ethical issues involved with receiving animal organs as a replacement for human organs?

There are concerns about animals being hunted for their organs. Signup and view all the answers

What would be ethical issues involved with stem cell research?

It may conflict with certain religious beliefs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the epidermis?

The outermost layer of skin that protects from foreign invaders, water loss, and UV radiation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the dermis?

The thickest layer of skin containing sweat glands and sensory nerves. Signup and view all the answers

What is the hypodermis?

The bottom layer of skin that insulates, stores energy, and connects skin to underlying tissue. Signup and view all the answers

What role does melanin play in protecting our body?

Melanin protects the skin from UV radiation and acts like a shield to cellular DNA. Signup and view all the answers

How does our skin assist in controlling body temperature?

By containing sweat glands that release sweat and blood vessels that regulate heat. Signup and view all the answers

What is the skull?

The part of the axial skeleton that encases the brain and provides support for the teeth. Signup and view all the answers

What are vertebrae?

The separate bones that make up the spinal column. Signup and view all the answers

What are ribs?

Bones that form part of the axial skeleton. Signup and view all the answers

What is the sternum?

The breastbone, part of the axial skeleton. Signup and view all the answers

What is the femur?

The thigh bone and the longest bone in the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is the humerus?

The upper arm bone. Signup and view all the answers

What is the coxal bone?

The hip bone. Signup and view all the answers

What is the tibia?

The longer and stronger shin bone. Signup and view all the answers

What is the pectoral girdle?

The structure consisting of the scapula and clavicle that connects the upper limbs to the trunk. Signup and view all the answers

What is the pelvic girdle?

The structure consisting of the ilium, ischium, pubis, coccyx, and sacrum. Signup and view all the answers

What are phalanges?

14 finger and toe bones. Signup and view all the answers

What are metatarsals?

5 bones of the foot. Signup and view all the answers

What are metacarpals?

5 bones of the palm. Signup and view all the answers

What is the ulna?

The forearm bone, slightly larger than the radius. Signup and view all the answers

What is the radius?

The forearm bone, slightly smaller than the ulna. Signup and view all the answers

What is the patella?

The kneecap that covers the area where the femur and tibia connect. Signup and view all the answers

What are carpals?

8 wrist bones. Signup and view all the answers

What is the scapula?

The shoulder bone. Signup and view all the answers

What is the clavicle?

The collarbone. Signup and view all the answers

What are tarsals?

7 ankle bones. Signup and view all the answers

What is the hyoid?

A bone located in the neck that supports the tongue. Signup and view all the answers

What is the fibula?

A slender leg bone that runs parallel to the tibia. Signup and view all the answers

What is a short bone?

Cube-shaped bones with roughly equal length and width, e.g., carpals. Signup and view all the answers

What is a long bone?

An elongated bone with expanded ends, e.g., femur. Signup and view all the answers

What is an irregular bone?

Bones with a variety of shapes, e.g., vertebrae. Signup and view all the answers

What is a flat bone?

Plate-like bones with broad surfaces, e.g., skull bones. Signup and view all the answers

What is a fossa?

A shallow, basin-like depression that generally receives another bone. Signup and view all the answers

What is a crest?

A narrow, prominent ridge of bone, e.g., iliac crest. Signup and view all the answers

What is a tubercle?

A small rounded projection for muscles or ligaments. Signup and view all the answers

What is a foramen?

A rounded opening through a bone for veins, arteries, and nerves. Signup and view all the answers

What is a sulcus?

A groove or furrow serving as a channel for blood vessels or nerves. Signup and view all the answers

How are nutrients delivered to our bones?

Through blood vessels. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary transport system to deliver nutrients and wastes in osteocytes?

Canaliculi. Signup and view all the answers

If a large group of osteons join together, what is the end result?

They form compact bone. Signup and view all the answers

What role do osteoblasts play?

They build new bone tissue. Signup and view all the answers

What role do osteoclasts play?

They break down bone tissue. Signup and view all the answers

What role do osteocytes play?

They maintain bone tissue. Signup and view all the answers

What is the smallest unit of bone tissue called?

Osteon. Signup and view all the answers

What are the main structures found in Haversian canals?

Small blood vessels and nerve fibers. Signup and view all the answers

What role will the canaliculi play?

Canaliculi link osteocytes in bone tissue. Signup and view all the answers

What type(s) of bone tissue are canaliculi found in?

Compact bone. Signup and view all the answers

If a bone is fractured or broken, which type of bone tissue is likely affected?

Compact and spongy bone. Signup and view all the answers

What are some causes of increased and decreased calcium levels in the blood?

Increased: deficiency of osteoblasts; Decreased: diet lacking calcium. Signup and view all the answers

Describe what causes a hematoma to form.

It forms due to a blood clot. Signup and view all the answers

Which group of cells help grow bone tissue and can be converted from stem cells?

Osteogenic cells. Signup and view all the answers

What would the presence of high amounts of collagen indicate about a broken bone?

It indicates that fibrocartilage is present during healing. Signup and view all the answers

Identify some effects that would occur if there was damage to the canaliculi.

Bones would not be able to get the nutrients they need, leading to tissue death. Signup and view all the answers

Describe what a deficiency of osteoblasts would result in.

It would result in low bone density and problems with the bone matrix. Signup and view all the answers

Describe what a deficiency of osteoclasts would result in.

It would lead to increased bone density and possibly brittle bones. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anatomy Basics

Gross Anatomy: Focuses on large, visible structures like muscles and bones.
Microscopic Anatomy: Examines smaller components, such as cells and molecules.

Roles of Professionals

Anatomist: Studies body structures including organs, tissues, and systems.
Physiologist: Investigates the functions of body parts and their processes.
Example Careers: Forensic scientists, doctors, nurses, veterinarians, coroners, nutritionists, physical therapists.

Body Sectioning

Transverse Cut: Divides body into Superior (top) and Inferior (bottom) sections.
Frontal Cut: Segregates body into Anterior (front) and Posterior (back) sections.
Sagittal Cut: Creates Left and Right sections; a mid-sagittal cut divides equally.

Homeostasis & Metabolism

Homeostasis: The body’s process to maintain a stable internal environment (e.g., temperature).
Metabolism: Encompasses all physiological events that manage energy acquisition, release, and usage, critical for homeostasis.

Skeletal System

Axial Skeleton: Comprises the skull, vertebrae, and ribs; supports the head and trunk.
Appendicular Skeleton: Involves limbs; includes femur (thigh bone), humerus (upper arm bone), coxal bone (hip bone), tibia (shin bone), and more.

Tissue Types and Functions

Epithelial Tissue: Protects against UV rays and pathogens; found in skin and organ walls; functions include protection, secretion, absorption, and excretion.
Muscle Tissue: Facilitates movement through contraction.
Nervous Tissue: Conducts impulses for coordination and sensory reception.

Integration of Tissues

Muscle and nervous tissue collaborate, with muscle contractions triggered by nervous signals.
Connective and nervous tissue often merge at nerve endings.

Stem Cell Applications

Used in biotechnology to grow organs from patient's own tissue.
Example: Skin Gun for treating burn patients using stem cells.

Skin Structure

Epidermis: Outermost skin layer providing protection.
Dermis: Thickest layer housing sweat glands and sensory nerves; plays a role in thermoregulation.
Hypodermis: Insulates and connects skin to underlying tissues.

Bone Structures and Types

Long Bones: Elongated bones like femur.
Short Bones: Cube-shaped bones like carpals.
Flat Bones: Plate-like bones such as skull bones.
Irregular Bones: Varied shapes, e.g., vertebrae.

Nutritional Aspects of Bone

Nutrients delivered to bones through blood vessels.
Canaliculi: Primary transport system for nutrients and waste in osteocytes.

Bone Health and Repair

Osteons: Smallest units of bone tissue; consist of Haversian canals with blood vessels and nerve fibers.
Osteoblasts: Cells responsible for bone growth.
Osteoclasts: Cells aiding in bone resorption.

Effects of Tissue Damage

Injury to canaliculi can lead to nutrient deficiency and bone death.
Osteoblast deficiency may cause low bone density and compromised blood matrix.
High collagen amounts indicate that a bone break is healing.

Ethical Considerations

Use of animal organs for transplants raises concerns about animal rights and hunting.
Stem cell research may conflict with certain religious beliefs.

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Description

This study guide quiz focuses on the fundamental concepts of Anatomy and Physiology, including the distinctions between gross and microscopic anatomy. Additional topics cover the roles of anatomists and physiologists, essential for understanding the human body's structure and function.