Anatomy and Physiology: Key Concepts

• The nervous system responds fastest to environmental stimuli

Anatomy

• Cytology studies structures in a region, while microscopic anatomy studies those too small for the naked eye
• Gross anatomy studies structures visible to the eye
• Embryology studies changes from conception to birth

Homeostasis

• Condition in which the body maintains a relatively stable internal environment within limits

Enzymes

• Do not require contact with a substrate to assume their active form

Chemical Reactions

• Larger particles move faster and collide more forcefully

Vesicular Transport

• Phagocytosis occurs primarily in white blood cells and macrophages

Calcium Storage

• Calcium ions are stored in the smooth ER of certain muscle cells

RNA

• Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings amino acids to the ribosome for protein formation

Red Blood Cells

• A red blood cell placed in pure water would swell and burst

Plasma Membrane

• Consists of a phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell

Epithelial Cells

• Goblet cells are commonly found wedged between simple columnar epithelial cells

Tissue Repair

Formation of new stem cells is not a step in tissue repair

Connective Tissue

• Mesenchymal cells are most commonly found in embryonic connective tissue

Tissue Type

• Skeletal muscle tissue would likely function to hold the kidneys in place
• Hyaline cartilage likely functions to add support to an organ

Overheating in Light-Skinned Individuals

• The blood vessels of the dermis undergo vasodilation, bringing a greater volume of blood to the skin

Skin Penetration

• A superficial, painful, non-bleeding cut has penetrated to the stratum basale, but not the dermal layers

Puberty and Skin

• Increased sebaceous activity during puberty results in an oily appearance and more acne

Skin Cancer

• Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing

Epidermal Layers

• A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in this order: corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

Appendicular Skeleton

• The skull is not part of the appendicular skeleton

Periosteum

• The inner (osteogenic) layer of the periosteum consists primarily of osteogenic cells
• The periosteum secures to the underlying bone by perforating (Sharpey's) fibers

Osteons

• The central (Haversian) canal runs through the core of each osteon and is the site of blood vessels and nerve fibers

Bone Resilience

• Presence of sacrificial bonds or between collagen molecules accounts for the resilience of bone

Hypothalamus Location

• It is superior to the sella turcica

Concussions

• Crista galli can cause serious damage to the brain, by attaching to the dura matter holding the brain in place

Spine Curvature

• Spinal curvatures give additional springiness and flexibility to the spine, absorbing shock

Vertebral Column Flexibility

• The cervical spine has the most flexibility

Spine Motion

• Range and direction of motion of the spine varies due to the orientation of the superior and inferior articular facets

Thoracic Cage

• The jugular notch does not aid in the flexibility and movement of the thoracic cage

Axial Skeleton

• The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

Vertebrae

• Atlas vertebrae do not have a body

Non-Weight Bearing Bones

• The fibula is not a weight-bearing bone

Fibula and Talus Articulation

• The lateral malleolus portion of the fibula articulates with the talus

Glenohumeral Joint

• The glenohumeral joint that articulates the humerus to the pectoral girdle is a highly mobile joint, but is relatively unstable and can easily dislocate

Synovial Joints

• Synovial joint stability is not influenced by the number of bones in the joint

Jumping Jacks

• Performing "jumping jacks" requires abduction and adduction

Jaw Movement

• Moving your jaw forward, causing an underbite, is called protraction

Rigor Mortis

• Occurs due to a lack of ATP to release attached actin and myosin molecules

Muscle Cells

• Myoglobin is the oxygen-binding protein found in muscle cells
• Myofibrils are the contractile units of skeletal muscles
• Sarcomeres are functional units of muscle

T Tubule

• The functional role of the T tubules is to enhance cellular communication during muscle contraction

Vigorous Exercise

• During vigorous exercise, pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid when oxygen is insufficient

Muscle Response

• When a muscle is temporarily unable to respond to stimuli, it is in the refractory period

Muscles of the Great Toe

• Extensor hallucis longus extends the great toe

Lever Systems

• Flexing the forearm by the biceps brachii muscle is exemplified by a third-class lever system

Foot Drop Prevention

• The tibialis anterior muscle is primarily responsible for preventing foot drop

Levers

• How levers work depends on the difference in the positioning of the effort, load, and fulcrum

Breathing Process

• The latissimus dorsi is not a muscle primarily involved in the breathing process

Muscle Power

• The main factor that determines the power of a muscle is the total number of muscle fibers (cells) available for contraction

Muscle Movement

• An agonist muscle provides the major force for producing a specific movement

Ion Channels and Action Potentials

• Voltage-gated channels open in response to a change in membrane potential and participate in the generation and conduction of action potentials

Acetylcholine Esterase

• Loss of function in the enzyme acetylcholine esterase results in the inability to destroy and remove acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft

Autonomic Nervous System

• Innervation of skeletal muscle is not a function of the autonomic nervous system

Nervous System

• Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system are called ganglia
• The central nervous system refers to the brain and spinal cord

Neuron Function

• Neuron that have as its primary function the job of connecting other neurons are called interneuron

Saltatory Conduction

• Saltatory conduction is made possible by the myelin sheath

Cerebral Cortex

• The brain area that regulates activities that control the state of wakefulness or alertness of the cerebral cortex is the reticular formation

Cerebrospinal Fluid

• Red blood cells are not normally found in cerebrospinal fluid

REM Sleep

• REM sleep is associated with temporary skeletal muscle inhibition except for ocular muscles and diaphragm

CSF Function

• Initiation of nerve impulses is not a function of the CSF

Hypothalamus

• Injury may not result in loss of fine motor control

Balance

• Important nuclei of the indirect (multineuronal) system receive impulses from the equilibrium apparatus of the inner ear and help maintain balance by varying muscle tone

Memory

• Medulla oblongata is probably not directly involved in memory

Intrinsic Reflexes

• Inborn or intrinsic reflexes are involuntary, yet may be modified by learned behavior

Funny Bone

• Striking it is actually stimulation of (or injury to) the ulnar nerve

Tendon Reflex

• A tendon reflex causes muscle relaxation and lengthening in response to muscle tension

Stimuli Receptors

• Interoceptors respond to stimuli within the body

Afferent Nerves

• Nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS only are

Axonal Injury

• After axonal injury, regeneration in peripheral nerves is guided by Schwann cells

CNS Regeneration

• Regeneration within the CNS is prevented due to growth-inhibiting proteins of oligodendrocytes

Crossed-Extensor Reflex

• The other arm will extend

Parasympathetic Stimulation

• Dilation of the pupils is not a result of parasympathetic stimulation

Autonomic Nervous System

• Sympathetic origin is not craniosacral

Sympathetic Responses

• NE and epinephrine are secreted into the blood as part of the sympathetic response

Sympathetic Nerves

• May leave the spinal cord at the first thoracic vertebra

Autonomic Ganglia

• Autonomic ganglia contain the cell bodies and dendrites of motor neurons

Parasympathetic Nerves

• The parasympathetic fibers of the facial nerve stimulate many large glands in the head such as the nasal and lacrimal glands

Sympathetic Trunks

• Fibers that enter and leave the sympathetic trunks without synapsing form splanchnic nerves

Parasagittal Plane

• A parasagittal plane is any sagittal plane except in the midline

Iliac Region

• Intestines are found there

Parietal Pleura

• It lines the thoracic cavity

Amino Acid Reactions

• Joining together to make a peptide is a good example of a synthesis reaction

Reaction Rates

• Time is not considered a factor

Nutrient Absorption

• Microvilli allows for more nutrients

Net Diffusion

• Net rate is that the greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate

Tissue Mechanical Stress

• Tissue type that undergoes a relatively great deal of mechanical stress (like the tissue that lines the intestine) is desmosomes between individual cells

Connective Tissue

• Collagen fibers provide high tensile strength

Stem Cells

• "Blast" cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells

Tissue Repair

• Inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable

Epithelia Tissue

• Stratified epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important

Adipose Tissue

• The primary function is nutrient storage

Fingerprints

• Genetically determined

UV Damage Protection

• Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural sunscreen

Liver Disease

• The skin and sclera of the eyes appear to have an abnormal, yellowish tint with jaundice

Dendritic or Langerhans Cell

• Is a specialized phagocytic cell

Hair Growth

• Nutrition and hormones are the most important factors

Bone Disorder

• Paget's Disease is a bone disorder characterized by excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption

Bone Markings

• Trochanter

Bone Tissue

• Compact bone is adapted to support weight and withstand torsion stresses

Yellow Bone Marrow

• Contains a large percentage of fat

Bone Matrix Secretion

• The cell responsible is the osteoblast

Skull

• The bones of the skull are separated by immobile joints called sutures

Paranasal Sinuses

• Sinuses take away a minimal amount of strength from bones while reducing the weight of bones

Cheekbone

• Zygomatic Bone

Special Sense Organs

• The nasal cavity is the most associated with housing the special sense organs

Anterior Cranium

• Ethmoid

Cranial Bones

• Protecting the brain

Sphenoid Bone

• The center of the skull and it articulates (joins) with all of the other bones of the skull (excluding the mandible)

Sella Turcica

• Sphenoid; pituitary gland

Arm Mobility

• Subscapular notch is a passageway for nerves

Trochlear and Trochlea

• Forms a hinge for the arm

Forearm Radius

• Rotational motion

Tommy John Surgery

• Repairs the ulnar collateral ligament

Interosseous Fibrous Joint

• The radius and ulna

Angular Movements

• They change (increase or decrease) the angle between two bones.

Isotonic Contraction

• Changes length for "load"

Muscle Contraction

• Proper sequence a. motor neuron action potential, neurotransmitter release, muscle cell action potential, release of calcium ions from SR, ATP-driven power stroke, sliding of myofilaments

Smooth Muscle

• The site of calcium regulation differs

Unitary Smooth Muscle

• They exhibit spontaneous action potentials.

Smooth Muscle

• Certain smooth muscle cells can actually divide to increase their numbers.

Except

• There are more thick filaments than thin filaments

Hamstring Muscles

• Makes an individual unable to flex the knee?

Which does Not act with Plantar Flexion

• Popliteus

Muscle Function

• Is Triceps brachil

Boxer's muscle

• Serratus anterior

runs steep to internal muscles

• Transversus abdominis

Teeth

• Buccinator

Tightness the neck

• Platysma

Determine Strength

• Frequency action

Retina of the eye.

• Where are Bipolar neurons are commonly found?

###Skeletal Muscle

• What Excitatory neurotransmitter

####acetylcholine

Nervous System

Is Sensory information

###Initial Stimulus

• Absolute refractory period

Which is Not a Neuron

• They are mitotic A

Parietal Lobe

• Somatosensory cortex is located

Sensory Perception

• (Muscle or Tendon)

Brain Ventricles

• Which line Epindymal Cells D

Meninges Space

• The subarachnoid space lies between Arachnoid and Pia B

Vital control systems

• Which is the medulla oblongata C

Sensory Neurons

• Cell Bodied are located in the Dorsal Root Ganglia

What separates the Lobe

Central Sculcus

Two Nerves

• Common fibular and Tibial D

Compressed Nerve Syndrome

A)median

Bell's Palsy

characterized by paralysis of facial muscles

Correct Simple Reflex Arc

d. receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector

Mixed Cranial Nerves

B)olfactory

###Transduction to Energy Stimulus energy into energy of a graded potential

Coxal Most likely

a. hip.

###Exept (anatomical position)? palms turned posteriorly ###With (the amount of toast (olive oil)

Increase Cholesterol embedded cell, plasma Membrane

more stable, less fluid, and less permeable,

Dividing cancer rapidly

cells of the immune system recognizing the tumorous cells as foreign and destroying them

Tissue (myocardium) large physical stress?

tight junctions

Which of the following will (NOT SPEED UP THE NET RATE) B) Decreasing the number of phospholipids in the plasma membrane.

What implies

(B)oxygen will passively diffuse into the cells

###Instructutor gives you unknown sample c) fix it with preservative

What tissue is responsible, conveyorbelt" Fallopian tubes? C)ciliated simple columnar epithelium

what tissues are common? (Skin Lungs Blood Vessels) d. elastic fibers

Which the following cells and their function are correctly matched? D) melanocytes -- protect cells from the effects of UV radiation

169 - Melanocytes

b. accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer

170 What layer with cell division? c)Stratum basale.

What loss Water epidermis

by glycolipids that are secreted by keratinocytes into extracellular spaces

flexible Layer ,cells find?

A) fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells

Cranial Bones develop

B -Within Fibrous

174 Hormone calcitonin?

(Humans, decrease Blood temporarily

###Age they peak density? c. Early adulthood

Matrix with external growth

The secretion of a new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage.

what describes cartilage interstitial inter growth ?

d. Chondrocytes in the lacunae divide and secrete matrix allowing the cartilage to grow from within.

###Excretory Connective tissue Cords ligaments or bands

what knee joint. Hyper extension

C. prevent hyperextension of the knee

articular cartilage ends service

C) provide a smooth surface at the ends of synovial joints

what functions in calcium?

D)sarcoplasmic reticulum

###what does exercise oxygen

C)the difference between the amount of oxygen needed for totally aerobic muscle activity andthe amount actually used

Arrival a Skeletal

B) latent

184)Creatine C)storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP

###what function Wave ? C) Increase muscle tension.

D)Produce continuous muscle contraction. 86) During muscle contraction, myosin cross bridges attach to which active sites.

Which muscle type of cell surrounded B)endomysium

term biceps d. The muscle has two three, or four origins, respectively

The most powerful muscle in the body is the D)quadriceps femoris 190)Which A bipennate

(D)An arrangement in which the fascicles insert into the tendon from opposite sides Point: 0.40000000000000002

Which of the following C)They are a group of muscles that lie superior to the hyoid bone and help form the floor of the oral cavity.

named for its location

D) to initiate abduction of the arm, to stabilize the shoulder joint and to help prevent downward dislocation of the humerus ,to help hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity and rotate the humerus laterally

2. Muscle The superior nasal concha is a part of which bone?

Which 11 and 12 vertebrae from other vertebrae? The transverse processes do not have facets that articulate with the tubercles of the ribs.

239. The superior nasal concha is a part of which bone?

D)ethmoid

the superior part of the nasal septum is which bone? B)cribriform plate.

• Which of the following B)supination

-Articulations permitting only slight degrees of movement are Syno joints = amphiarthroses

D) olfactor- Nerve (1

Ability taste c) the facial nerves

211)Over 90% of all parasympathetic fibers are derived from cranial nerve c) x (vagus)

"The fight or flight" is from the d) sympathetic division

213)Control C) hypothalamus

Which of these effectors what's what C) skeletal muscle

215. The dorsal body cavity is the site of which follow 216 Select the B)The immune system is closely

217)One of the b)sensing changes in the environment

218. Carbohydrates B) glycogen

219)Which of the following does - Activation (B)

are single-membrane C) contain some of the DNA

By Enzymatic (A)peroxisomes

NOT A function help in membranes

what the chromosome equator mitosis c) metaphase

221. Which of the following is a are able to detoxify substances by enzymatic action

• Which of what is not a action? A. help in the formation of cell membranes

8)In what the stage sets mitosis what equator cell? c) metaphase

244)Which C=Phospholipids D) that impermeable Which layer of tissue is damaged a. epidermis

226. Eyebrow hairs

227)Cells D)preventing mechanical stress or trauma

228)Which of the following examples listed below illustrates homeostasis maintained by a negative feedback Release of chemical signals by keratinocytes that have been damaged by UV light that willincrease the production of melanin.

238. Ossification (Osteogenesis) is the process of A. bone formation 231)Lengthwise, long bone growth during infancy and youth is exclusively through A) interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates

232)Growth c. Growth hormone

233. plate b. Elevated high levels of sex hormones

they have B) costal facets

235Major function? B)provide central support for the body and protect internal organs

236. Which bone Answer: maxilla Maxilla 237)Which of the following is the abnormal curve b) lordosis

How transverse don't transverse C)The transverse processes