Anatomy and Physiology: Integumentary and Skeletal

Tissue characteristic common to skin, lung, and blood vessel walls.

Melanocytes protect cells from the effects of UV radiation, preventing DNA damage.

Keratinocytes accumulate melanin granules, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer.

The stratum basale is the layer responsible for cell division and replacement.

Glycolipids secreted by keratinocytes into extracellular spaces protect against water loss.

Fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells are likely found in the dermis.

Cranial bones develop within fibrous membranes, a process called intramembranous ossification.

Calcitonin temporarily decreases blood calcium levels when administered in large doses.

Bones reach their peak density in early adulthood, typically by age 30.

Appositional growth is the secretion of a new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage.

Interstitial growth is the division and matrix secretion of chondrocytes within lacunae.

Syndesmosis is a joint where bones are connected exclusively by ligaments, cords, or bands of fibrous tissue.

The cruciate ligaments prevent hyperextension of the knee; crucial for joint safety.

Articular cartilage provides a smooth surface at the ends of synovial joints, reducing friction.

The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores calcium in muscle cells.

Excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) is the difference between the amount of oxygen needed for totally aerobic muscle activity and the amount actually used.

The latent period is a short delay between stimulus and muscle response.

Creatine phosphate stores energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP, allowing short bursts of energy.

Wave summation primarily increases muscle tension by stimulating the muscle before it fully relaxes.

During muscle contraction, myosin cross bridges attach to actin filaments, pulling them inward.

Endomysium surrounds an individual muscle cell, providing support and structure.

A muscle name containing biceps, triceps, or quadriceps indicates the number of origins it has.

The quadriceps femoris is a powerful thigh muscle.

A bipennate pattern describes fascicles inserting into the tendon from opposite sides.

Suprahyoid muscles form the floor of the oral cavity.

The supraspinatus initiates abduction of the arm and stabilizes the shoulder joint.

Nucleic acid is not a chemical class of neurotransmitters; these are amino acids, ATP, and biogenic amines.

A nerve impulse occurs if the excitatory and inhibitory effects are equal, reaching threshold.

The synaptic cleft transmits a chemical signal to the post synaptic cell.

A graded potential can have amplitudes of various sizes, differing based on stimulus strength.

The two terms for the massive motor tracts serving voluntary movement are pyramidal and corticospinal.

Damage to the visual association area results in an inability to recognize objects.

Broca's area is a motor speech area, critical for forming words.

The prefrontal cortex is involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality.

The blood-brain barrier is effective against metabolic waste such as urea.

The caudate nucleus is not part of the limbic system.

Nociceptors are receptors that detects pain sensations.

Thermoreceptors that are also exteroceptors, respond to external temperature changes.

Proprioceptors detect body position and movement.

Mechanoreceptors sense tactile stimulation.