Integument, Bone Tissue and more

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Questions and Answers

Skin, lung, and blood vessel walls share which tissue characteristic?

  • Simple columnar epithelium
  • Reticular fibers
  • Elastic fibers
  • Simple squamous epithelium (correct)

Which of the following correctly pairs a cell in the epidermis with its function?

  • Keratinocytes – provide sense of touch and pressure
  • Dendritic cells – produce fibers that strengthen the epidermis
  • Melanocytes – protect cells from the effects of UV radiation (correct)
  • Tactile cells – produce the protein keratin

How do keratinocytes and melanocytes work together to protect the skin from UV damage?

  • Keratinocytes maintain the appropriate temperature so melanocyte products do not denature.
  • Keratinocytes maintain the appropriate pH for melanin synthesis.
  • Keratinocytes accumulate melanin granules, forming a UV-blocking layer. (correct)
  • Keratinocytes provide melanocytes with nutrients for melanin synthesis.

Which layer of the epidermis is primarily responsible for cell division and replacement?

<p>Stratum basale (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary mechanism protects the body against excessive water loss through the epidermis?

<p>Glycolipids secreted by keratinocytes into extracellular spaces. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which combination of cells is most likely to be found in the dermis?

<p>Fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cranial bones develop through which process?

<p>Within fibrous membranes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does calcitonin affect blood calcium levels in humans?

<p>Temporarily decreases blood calcium levels when administered in large doses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what stage of life do bones typically reach their peak density?

<p>Early adulthood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does appositional growth occur in cartilage?

<p>Secretion of a new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes interstitial growth of cartilage?

<p>Chondrocytes in the lacunae divide and secrete matrix allowing the cartilage to grow from within. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A syndesmosis is a joint where bones are connected by which of the following?

<p>Ligaments, cords, or bands of fibrous tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary function do the cruciate ligaments serve in the knee joint?

<p>Prevent hyperextension of the knee (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of articular cartilage found at the ends of long bones?

<p>Provide a smooth surface at the ends of synovial joints (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In skeletal muscle cells, which structure is primarily responsible for calcium storage?

<p>Sarcoplasmic reticulum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) primarily represent?

<p>The difference between the amount of oxygen needed for totally aerobic muscle activity and the amount actually used (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The brief delay between the arrival of a stimulus and the start of muscle contraction is known as the:

<p>Latent period (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does creatine phosphate function within muscle cells?

<p>Storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of wave summation in muscle contraction?

<p>Increase muscle tension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During muscle contraction, where do myosin cross bridges attach?

<p>Actin filaments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of connective tissue directly surrounds an individual muscle cell (fiber)?

<p>Endomysium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a muscle's name includes the term 'biceps', 'triceps', or 'quadriceps', what does this indicate about the muscle's structure?

<p>The muscle has two three, or four origins, respectively (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is generally considered the most powerful in the human body?

<p>Quadriceps femoris (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which arrangement describes a bipennate pattern of fascicles in a muscle?

<p>An arrangement in which the fascicles insert into the tendon from opposite sides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the suprahyoid muscles?

<p>They are a group of muscles that lie superior to the hyoid bone and help form the floor of the oral cavity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of the supraspinatus muscle, considering its location on the posterior aspect of the scapula above the spine?

<p>To initiate abduction of the arm, to stabilize the shoulder joint and to help prevent downward dislocation of the humerus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a chemical class of neurotransmitters?

<p>Nucleic acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about postsynaptic potentials is incorrect?

<p>A nerve impulse occurs if the excitatory and inhibitory effects are equal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes chemical synapses?

<p>The synaptic cleft uses the action potential to transmit a chemical signal to the post synaptic cell. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes a graded potential?

<p>It can have amplitudes of various sizes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pyramidal and corticospinal tracts are two terms that describe massive motor tracts responsible for what type of movement?

<p>Voluntary (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An individual can trace a picture of a bicycle but cannot visually recognize it. Damage to which area is most likely the cause?

<p>Visual association area (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Broca's area is primarily responsible for?

<p>Motor speech (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the cerebral cortex is primarily involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality?

<p>Prefrontal cortex (anterior association area). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Against which substances is the blood-brain barrier most effective?

<p>Metabolic waste such as urea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following brain structures is NOT part of the limbic system?

<p>caudate nucleus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If someone spills very hot coffee (200°F) on their skin, which type of receptor is primarily responsible for sensing this painful sensation?

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Receptors that detect changes in room temperature are found in the skin. Which pair of classifications best describes this receptor type?

<p>thermoreceptors that are also exteroceptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why can we touch our finger to our nose with our eyes closed, and which receptors are most responsible for this ability?

<p>Proprioceptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tactile sensation includes touch, pressure, stretch, and vibration. Which receptor type is most likely involved in sensing tactile stimulation?

<p>Mechanoreceptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person seeks a deep-tissue massage. Which receptors would be stimulated during this type of massage?

<p>Lamellae corpuscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is a stimulus's strength transmitted from sensory nerves to the central nervous system?

<p>Action potential frequency is increased as stimulus strength increases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Function of Melanocytes

Melanocytes protect cells from UV radiation.

Keratinocytes and UV protection

Keratinocytes accumulate melanin granules, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer.

Epidermal cell division layer

Stratum basale is responsible for cell division and replacement in the epidermis.

Water loss protection in skin

Glycolipids secreted by keratinocytes into extracellular spaces protect against water loss.

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Cell types in the dermis

Fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells are found in the dermis.

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Cranial bone development

Cranial bones develop within fibrous membranes.

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Calcitonin function

Calcitonin temporarily decreases blood calcium levels when administered in large doses.

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Peak bone density age

Bones reach their peak density in early adulthood.

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Appositional cartilage growth

Appositional growth is the secretion of a new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage.

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Interstitial cartilage growth

Interstitial growth of cartilage involves chondrocytes dividing and secreting matrix from within.

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Syndesmosis joint type

Syndesmoses are joints where bones are connected exclusively by ligaments.

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Knee cruciate ligaments function

Cruciate ligaments prevent hyperextension of the knee.

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Function of articular cartilage

Articular cartilage provides a smooth surface at the ends of synovial joints.

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Calcium storage in muscle cells

The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores calcium in skeletal muscle cells.

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Excess postexercise oxygen consumption

Excess postexercise oxygen consumption is the difference between needed and actual oxygen use.

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Latent period in muscle cells

The latent period is the short period after stimulus arrival in muscle cells.

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Creatine phosphate function

Creatine phosphate stores energy to resynthesize ATP in muscle cells.

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Wave summation function

Wave summation increases muscle tension.

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Myosin attachment during contraction

Myosin cross bridges attach to actin filaments during muscle contraction.

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Endomysium location

The endomysium surrounds an individual muscle cell.

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Muscle name origins

Biceps, triceps, and quadriceps indicate the number of origins of the muscle.

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Most powerful muscle

The quadriceps femoris is the most powerful muscle in the body.

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Bipennate fascicle pattern

A bipennate pattern has fascicles inserting into the tendon from opposite sides.

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Suprahyoid muscles location

Suprahyoid muscles lie superior to the hyoid bone and form the floor of the oral cavity.

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Supraspinatus function

The supraspinatus initiates abduction of the arm and stabilizes the shoulder joint.

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Not a neurotransmitter class

Nucleic acids are NOT a chemical class of neurotransmitters.

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Nerve impulse condition

A nerve impulse occurs if the excitatory and inhibitory effects are equal.

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Chemical synapses function

The synaptic cleft uses the action potential to transmit a chemical signal to the post synaptic cell.

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Graded potential characteristic

Graded potentials can have amplitudes of various sizes.

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Motor tract terms

Two terms for the massive motor tracts serving voluntary movement include Pyramidal and corticospinal.

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Visual association area damage

Damage to the visual association area causes one to not recognize objects.

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Broca's area function

Broca's area is considered a motor speech area.

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Prefrontal cortex function

The prefrontal cortex is involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality.

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Blood-brain barrier protection

The blood-brain barrier is effective against metabolic waste such as urea.

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Not a limbic system structure

The caudate nucleus is not a structure of the limbic system.

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Nociceptors function

Nociceptors cause the sensation of burning.

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Receptors for temperature changes

Thermoreceptors that are also exteroceptors respond to changes in room temperature.

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Proprioceptors function

Proprioceptors responsible for the awareness of our body's positioning.

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Tactile stimulation receptor

Mechanoreceptors senses tactile stimulation.

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Massaged receptors

Lamellae corpuscle would be stimulated by deep tissue massages.

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Stimulus strength and nerve

Action potential frequency is increased as stimulus strength increases.

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Study Notes

  • Skin, lung, and blood vessel walls all have stratified squamous epithelium in common.
  • Melanocytes are correctly matched with protecting cells from the effects of UV radiation.
  • Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together to protect the skin from UV damage, the keratinocytes accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer.
  • The stratum basale is responsible for cell division and replacement in the epidermis.
  • Glycolipids secreted by keratinocytes into extracellular spaces protect against excessive water loss through the skin.
  • Fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells are likely to be found in the dermis.
  • Cranial bones develop within fibrous membranes.
  • The effect of the hormone calcitonin is to temporarily decrease blood calcium levels when administered in large doses.
  • Bones reach their peak density in early adulthood.
  • Appositional growth of cartilage is the secretion of a new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage.
  • Interstitial growth of cartilage is best described as chondrocytes in the lacunae dividing and secreting matrix, allowing the cartilage to grow from within.
  • A syndesmosis is a situation where the bones are connected exclusively by ligaments, cords, or bands of fibrous tissue.
  • The cruciate ligaments of the knee prevent hyperextension of the knee.
  • Articular cartilage found at the ends of long bones provides a smooth surface at the ends of synovial joints.
  • The sarcoplasmic reticulum is the structure in skeletal muscle cells that functions in calcium storage.
  • Excess postexercise oxygen consumption represents the difference between the amount of oxygen needed for totally aerobic muscle activity and the amount actually used.
  • Immediately following the arrival of the stimulus at a skeletal muscle cell, there is a short latent period.
  • Creatine phosphate functions in the muscle cell by storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP.
  • The primary function of wave summation is to increase muscle tension.
  • During muscle contraction, myosin cross bridges attach to actin filaments
  • The endomysium surrounds an individual muscle cell.
  • When the term biceps, triceps, or quadriceps forms part of a muscle's name, it tells you the muscle has two, three, or four origins, respectively.
  • The most powerful muscle in the body is the quadriceps femoris.
  • A bipennate pattern of fascicles is an arrangement in which the fascicles insert into the tendon from opposite sides.
  • Suprahyoid muscles are a group of muscles that lie superior to the hyoid bone and help form the floor of the oral cavity.
  • The supraspinatus' action is to initiate abduction of the arm, to stabilize the shoulder joint and to help prevent downward dislocation of the humerus.
  • Nucleic acid is NOT a chemical class of neurotransmitters.
  • A nerve impulse does NOT occur if the excitatory and inhibitory effects are equal; one must be of a greater value than the other to cause hyperpolarization or remain below threshold, respectively
  • Two terms for the massive motor tracts serving voluntary movement are pyramidal and corticospinal.
  • An individual who could trace a picture of a bicycle but could not recognize it as a bicycle is most likely to have sustained damage to the visual association area.
  • Broca's area is considered a motor speech area.
  • The prefrontal cortex (anterior association area) is involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality.
  • The blood-brain barrier is effective against metabolic waste such as urea.
  • All of the following are structures of the limbic system EXCEPT the caudate nucleus.
  • Nociceptors are responsible for perceiving much pain if someone spills very hot coffee (200°F) on their skin.
  • Receptors that respond to changes in room temperature are thermoreceptors that are also exteroceptors.
  • Proprioceptors are most likely responsible for sensing the position and movement of joints and the length of stretch in muscles.
  • Mechanoreceptors are most likely the receptor type that senses tactile stimulation.
  • Lamellar corpuscles would be stimulated by a deep-tissue therapeutic massage.
  • Action potential frequency is increased as stimulus strength increases.

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