A&P Chapter 5 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What are melanocytes?

Cells that produce sebum

Cells that contain melanin (correct)

Cells that make skin waterproof

Cells that form blood vessels

What is pigmentation?

Color

Define angiogenesis.

Formation of blood vessels

What do sebaceous glands produce?

Sebum Signup and view all the answers

What is sebum?

Oil Signup and view all the answers

What is vasodilation?

The enlargement of blood vessels in the skin - helps warm the skin Signup and view all the answers

What is vasoconstriction?

The narrowing of blood vessels in the skin - helps body retain heat Signup and view all the answers

What results from vasoconstriction?

Pale skin Signup and view all the answers

Define adipose tissue.

Found in the subcutaneous tissue - made of fat Signup and view all the answers

What vitamin is produced in the skin by exposure to sunlight?

Vitamin D Signup and view all the answers

What is collagen?

Protein that makes skin strong Signup and view all the answers

What is elastin?

Protein that gives skin flexibility Signup and view all the answers

What is keratin?

Protein that makes skin waterproof and keeps it strong Signup and view all the answers

What is the epidermis?

Outer layer of skin Signup and view all the answers

Define dermis.

Skin Signup and view all the answers

What is the hypodermis?

Inner layer - below the skin or dermis Signup and view all the answers

What are dermal papillae?

Ridged layer of skin - connects epidermis and dermis Signup and view all the answers

Define mesenchyme.

Stem cells in embryonic skin Signup and view all the answers

What are melanoblasts?

Cells that produce melanin Signup and view all the answers

What is melanin?

Black/brown pigment in skin Signup and view all the answers

What are free nerve endings?

Receptors in skin that sense pain Signup and view all the answers

Define Merkel cells.

Receptors in skin that sense gentle touch Signup and view all the answers

What are Meissner's corpuscles?

Receptors in skin that respond to touch Signup and view all the answers

What are Pacinian corpuscles?

Receptors in skin that respond to pressure and vibrations Signup and view all the answers

Define Ruffini receptors.

Receptors in skin that respond to constant touch Signup and view all the answers

What are Krause end bulbs?

Receptors for touch in mucous membranes Signup and view all the answers

What is the Malpighian layer?

Layer of skin that contains melanocytes, the innermost layer of the epidermis Signup and view all the answers

What is a glycolipid substance?

A sugary fatty substance produced by a keratinocyte Signup and view all the answers

What is vellus hair?

Fine hair, adult female hair Signup and view all the answers

What do ceruminous glands produce?

Cerumen - ear wax Signup and view all the answers

What are commensal bacteria?

Good bacteria that help reduce harmful effects of other bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is the integumentary system?

The organ system that forms a protective covering on the outside of the body Signup and view all the answers

What is fascitis?

Inflammation of the fascia Signup and view all the answers

What is folliculitis?

Inflammation of the hair follicle Signup and view all the answers

Where are apocrine sweat glands located?

In the armpit and pigmented areas around genitals Signup and view all the answers

What do eccrine sweat glands secrete?

Sweat that cools the body Signup and view all the answers

What does desquamation refer to?

The shedding of epithelial elements from the skin surface Signup and view all the answers

What is a furuncle?

Medical term for a boil Signup and view all the answers

What is dermatitis?

Inflammation of the skin Signup and view all the answers

What is a mole?

Nevi - medical term for a black/brown spot on the skin Signup and view all the answers

What is a lipoma?

Fatty tumor Signup and view all the answers

What are solar lentigines?

Age spots - a type of freckling Signup and view all the answers

What is basal cell carcinoma?

An epithelial malignant tumor of the skin that rarely metastasizes Signup and view all the answers

What is squamous cell carcinoma?

The most common form of skin cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is malignant melanoma?

Cancer of melanocytes, considered the deadliest form of skin cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is ringworm?

Fungal infection of skin Signup and view all the answers

What does the human papilloma virus cause?

Warts Signup and view all the answers

What does degenerative mean?

Progressive deterioration Signup and view all the answers

What is lanugo?

Fine hair seen at birth Signup and view all the answers

The integumentary system consists of ______.

Skin, hair, nails, specialized sensory receptors Signup and view all the answers

Skin covers about _____ sq. meters.

Two Signup and view all the answers

The hypodermis location is ______.

Subcutaneous layer deep to dermis Signup and view all the answers

Four functions of the skin are ______.

Regulation of body temperature, protection, sensation, excretion, immunity, synthesis of vitamin D Signup and view all the answers

The classification of epidermis is ______.

Keratinized stratified squamous Signup and view all the answers

Keratinocytes make up _____ of the epidermis cells.

90% Signup and view all the answers

Melanocytes constitute _____ of the epidermis cells.

8% Signup and view all the answers

Langerhans cells arise from ______.

Red bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

The inner region of the dermis consists of ______.

Irregular connective tissue, adipose tissue, hair follicles, nerves, oil glands, and ducts of sweat glands Signup and view all the answers

Three pigments make up skin color: ______.

Melanin, carotene, hemoglobin Signup and view all the answers

Albinism is characterized by ______.

No melanocytes, no producing of melanin Signup and view all the answers

Carotene is a ______.

Yellow-orange pigment, precursor of vitamin A Signup and view all the answers

Hemoglobin appears ______.

Translucent Signup and view all the answers

Cyanotic skin appears ______.

Bluish skin Signup and view all the answers

Jaundice results in ______.

Yellowish skin, due to bilirubin build up Signup and view all the answers

Erythema is characterized by ______.

Redness of skin, exercise Signup and view all the answers

Hairs have multiple functions, including ______.

Protection from sun, foreign objects, insulation Signup and view all the answers

The three types of glands are ______.

Sebaceous, sudoriferous, ceruminous Signup and view all the answers

Sebaceous glands keep skin ______.

Soft Signup and view all the answers

Sudoriferous glands are divided into ______.

Apocrine and eccrine Signup and view all the answers

The apocrine sweat glands are associated with ______.

Skin of armpit, pubic area & pigmented areas of the breasts Signup and view all the answers

Eccrine sweat glands are mainly found in ______.

Forehead, palms & soles of feet Signup and view all the answers

Ceruminous glands are located in ______.

Auditory canal Signup and view all the answers

Nails are made of ______.

Tightly packed, hard, keratinized cells Signup and view all the answers

What does DHT stand for?

Dihydrotestosterone Signup and view all the answers

What is dihydrotestosterone?

Converted form of testosterone Signup and view all the answers

What does subcutaneous refer to?

Relating to or located below the epidermis Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Skin Cells and Pigments

Melanocytes produce melanin, which determines skin color.
Pigmentation refers to the coloring of the skin.
Melanin is the black/brown pigment found in the skin.
Keratinocytes constitute 90% of epidermis cells, crucial for skin protection.

Skin Layers

Epidermis: The outer protective layer of the skin.
Dermis: The layer beneath the epidermis containing connective tissue, hair follicles, and glands.
Hypodermis: The inner layer beneath the dermis, composed of fat and blood vessels.
Dermal papillae enhance the connection between epidermis and dermis.

Skin Functions

Regulation of body temperature through vasodilation (enlargement of blood vessels) and vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels).
Protection from environmental factors and pathogens.
Sensation through specialized receptors that detect pressure, touch, and pain.
Excretion of waste products like uric acid and ammonia through sweating.
Synthesis of vitamin D upon sun exposure.

Glands and Secretions

Sebaceous glands produce sebum (oil) to keep skin moist and inhibit bacteria growth.
Eccrine sweat glands regulate temperature by producing a watery secretion.
Apocrine sweat glands, located in specific areas, secrete a thicker fluid.
Ceruminous glands produce earwax (cerumen) found in the auditory canal.

Skin Conditions and Diseases

Basal cell carcinoma: A common, rarely metastasizing skin cancer originating from the epidermis.
Squamous cell carcinoma: The most prevalent skin cancer.
Malignant melanoma: A severe type of skin cancer arising from melanocytes, known for rapid metastasis.
Dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin, can be caused by various irritants or infections.

Pigmentation Disorders

Albinism: Condition characterized by the absence of melanocytes and melanin production, leading to pale skin.
Cyanosis: Bluish skin due to insufficient oxygen in hemoglobin.
Jaundice: Yellow discoloration of the skin caused by excess bilirubin.
Erythema: Redness of the skin often related to increased blood flow during exercise.

Hair and Nails

Vellus hair: Fine, soft hair found on the body, commonly seen in women.
Hair serves protective roles against environmental elements and provides insulation.
Nails are composed of tightly packed keratinized cells, contributing to protection and functionality.

Specialized Cells

Langerhans cells act as immune sentinels in the skin.
Merkel cells are mechanoreceptors involved in the sensation of touch.
Free nerve endings detect pain in the skin.

Summary of Skin Components

Integumentary system: Comprised of skin, hair, nails, and sensory receptors, serving as a protective barrier.
Skin covers about 2 square meters of the body's surface.

General Facts

Adipose tissue in the hypodermis provides insulation and energy storage.
Hemoglobin contributes to skin coloration, showing through in blood vessels within the dermis.

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Test your knowledge of key terms from Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 5 with these flashcards. Each card provides a term related to skin and blood vessel formation, along with its definition. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of these concepts.