Anatomy and Physiology Chapters 1, 4, 5, 6

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Questions and Answers

Which of these is NOT a primary function of the integumentary system?

  • Protection against mechanical damage
  • Regulation of body temperature
  • Synthesis of Vitamin D
  • Nutrient absorption from ingested food (correct)

Which of the following lists the layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep?

  • Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale (correct)
  • Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
  • Stratum lucidum, stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale
  • Stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum lucidum, stratum basale

In what order does an understood signal travel through the nervous tissue?

  • Axon, Cell Body, Dendrite
  • Dendrite, Axon, Cell Body
  • Cell Body, Axon, Dendrite
  • Dendrite, Cell Body, Axon (correct)

The pleural serous membrane is associated with which of the following organs?

<p>Lung (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which connective tissue has the primary function of fat storage?

<p>Adipose tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these options is a characteristic of skeletal muscle tissue?

<p>Striated and multinucleated (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is located in the dorsal body cavity?

<p>Brain and spinal cord (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a function of a golgi apparatus?

<p>Modifying and packaging proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the skeletal system?

<p>Regulating body temperature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered one of the six shape classes of bones?

<p>Irregular (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The periosteum is best described as:

<p>The outer membrane of a bone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the small channels that connect lacunae to each other and to the central canal of an osteon called?

<p>Canaliculi (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process describes bone development directly from mesenchymal tissue, not cartilage?

<p>Intramembranous ossification (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone growth results in an increase in bone width or diameter?

<p>Appositional growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A comminuted fracture is best characterized by:

<p>A fracture where the bone is broken into multiple fragments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a normal effect of aging on bone tissue?

<p>Decrease in bone matrix (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Anatomy

The study of the structure of the human body.

Physiology

The study of the function of the human body.

Anatomical Position

The standard reference position for describing anatomical features.

Anatomical Plane

A flat surface that divides the body or organ into sections.

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Sagittal Plane

A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left halves.

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Transverse Plane

A horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions.

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Frontal Plane

A vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.

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Epidermis

The outermost layer of the skin, composed of stratified squamous epithelium.

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Functions of the Skeletal System

The skeletal system provides support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production, and energy storage.

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Bone Shape Classes

The six shape classes of bones are long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid, and sutural.

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Parts of a Long Bone

A long bone consists of a diaphysis (shaft), epiphyses (ends), articular cartilage, periosteum, medullary cavity, endosteum, and bone marrow.

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Periosteum and Endosteum

The periosteum is a tough, fibrous membrane that covers the outer surface of a bone, while the endosteum is a thinner membrane that lines the medullary cavity.

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Organization of Osseous Tissue

Osseous tissue is organized into cells (osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts), lamellae, osteons, lacunae, and canaliculi.

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Intramembranous vs. Endochondral Ossification

Intramembranous ossification forms bones directly from mesenchyme, while endochondral ossification uses a hyaline cartilage model.

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Types of Bone Growth

Bone growth occurs through appositional growth (adding new bone tissue to the surface) and interstitial growth (growth from within the bone tissue).

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Bone Fractures and Aging

Bone fractures can be classified as closed, open, complete, incomplete, displaced, or nondisplaced. Aging leads to decreased bone density and increased risk of fractures.

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Study Notes

The Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology (Chapter 1)

  • Understand the levels of human body organization
  • Know the functions of the 11 organ systems
  • Learn the anatomical position
  • Grasp directional terms for the body
  • Understand body quadrants and sections of the abdominopelvic cavity and its major organs
  • Identify the dorsal and ventral body cavities and structures within
  • Know terminology for serous membranes

Cells & Tissue (Chapter 4/5)

  • Understand intracellular and extracellular body fluids
  • Know organelles and their functions
  • Learn the characteristics and functions of the four main tissue types
  • Recognize the different types and functions of epithelial tissue
  • Identify different types of glands
  • Understand different types and functions of connective tissue
  • Recognize different types of membranes
  • Understand different types and functions of muscle tissue
  • Recognize different types and functions of nerve tissue

Integumentary System (Chapter 6)

  • Learn the functions of the integumentary system
  • Understand the layers of the integumentary system and their composition
  • Recognize the order of epidermal strata and dermal layers (deep to superficial)
  • Know the composition of the subcutaneous layer
  • Differentiate between thick and thin skin
  • Understand factors contributing to skin color
  • Know the different degrees of burns
  • Recognize the composition and function of nails
  • Know the types and function of hair
  • Understand hair follicles and surrounding structures
  • Know the differences between sebaceous and sweat glands
  • Understand the effects of aging on the integumentary system

Bone Structure & Function (Chapter 7)

  • Know the function of the skeletal system
  • Understand the 6 bone shape classes
  • Recognize the parts of long bones
  • Know the periosteum and endosteum.
  • Understand organization of osseous tissue (types of cells, lamellae, osteons, lacunae, canaliculi)
  • Differentiate between intramembranous and endochondral bones
  • Recognize different types of bone growth
  • Know the different bone fractures and the effects of aging

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