Biology Chapter 1 and 2: Human Body Basics

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Human Body

• Levels of Organization: Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism.
• Characteristics of Life: Organization, metabolism, responsiveness, movement, development, reproduction.
• Homeostasis: Maintaining stable internal conditions, controlled through negative feedback (e.g., temperature regulation) or positive feedback (e.g., childbirth).
• Anatomy Defined: Study of structure.
• Physiology Defined: Study of function.
• Directional Terms: Anterior/posterior, superior/inferior, medial/lateral, proximal/distal, superficial/deep.
• Body Planes and Sections: Sagittal, transverse, and frontal planes.
• Body Cavities and Membranes: Dorsal (cranial and spinal cavities) and ventral (thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities).

Chapter 2: The Chemical Level of Organization

• Matter and Elements: Matter is anything with mass and occupies space. Elements are pure substances, including oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
• Atomic Structure: Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Isotopes are atoms with varying numbers of neutrons.
• Chemical Bonds: Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons, covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons, and hydrogen bonds are weak interactions between polar molecules.
• Chemical Reactions: Synthesis builds larger molecules, decomposition breaks down molecules, and exchange rearranges molecules.
• Water's Importance: Water is a solvent, has a high heat capacity, and plays roles in chemical reactions (like hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis).
• Macromolecules: Carbohydrates are energy sources (monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides); lipids store energy and are structural (triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids); and proteins are built from amino acids and have functions including enzymes, transport, and support.
  • Specific examples of molecules were requested:
    • Five monosaccharides are not listed.
    • Specific disaccharide examples not provided.
    • Cholesterol origin not provided.

Chapter 3: The Cellular Level of Organization

• Cell Theory: All living things are composed of cells.
• Cell Structure:
  • Plasma Membrane: Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins to regulate substance movement.
  • Cytoplasm: Contains organelles and cytosol.
• Organelles and Functions:
  • Nucleus: Control center stores DNA.
  • Mitochondria: Powerhouses, ATP production.
  • Ribosomes: Protein synthesis.
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Smooth (lipid synthesis) and rough (protein processing).
  • Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.
  • Lysosomes: Break down waste.
  • Cytoskeleton: Structural support and transport.

Chapter 4: Transport Mechanisms, Cell Division, DNA & RNA

• Transport Mechanisms:
  • Passive Transport: Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion (no energy).
  • Active Transport: Requires energy (e.g., sodium-potassium pump).
  • Endocytosis and Exocytosis: Bulk transport of materials.
• Cell Division:
  • Mitosis: Division of somatic cells (Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis).
  • Meiosis: Production of gametes (Reproductive cells only).
• DNA and Protein Synthesis:
  • DNA Replication: Copying DNA (before cell division).
  • Transcription: DNA to RNA.
  • Translation: RNA to Protein (at ribosomes).
• Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA are built from nucleotides.
• pH and Buffers: pH measures acidity or alkalinity (0-14 scale). Buffers maintain stable pH.
• Functional Groups: Examples of functional groups including hydroxyl, methyl, phosphate, and amino.

Explore the foundational concepts of human biology in this quiz covering Chapters 1 and 2. Learn about the levels of organization, characteristics of life, homeostasis, and the chemical level of organization. Test your knowledge on key anatomical and physiological terms as well as body planes and cavities.