10 Questions
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Stroke Volume = Volume of blood pumped by a ventricle in 1 min. Heart Rate = Volume of blood pumped per ventricle per contraction. Cardiac Output = Number of heart beats in 1 min. Preload = The degree ventricular walls are stretched at end of diastole.
Match the following formulas with their descriptions:
CO = SV × HR = Formula to calculate cardiac output. SV = CO / HR = Formula to calculate stroke volume. HR = CO / SV = Formula to calculate heart rate. CO = HR / SV = Formula to calculate cardiac output per minute.
Match the following terms with their units:
Stroke Volume = Liters/beat. Heart Rate = Beats/min. Cardiac Output = Milliliters/min. Preload = Milliliters
Match the following terms with their relationships:
Venous return and Preload = Directly proportional. Stroke Volume and Heart Rate = Inversely proportional. Cardiac Output and Heart Rate = Directly proportional. Preload and Stroke Volume = Inversely proportional.
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Intrinsic Regulation = Mechanisms that control cardiac output from outside the heart. Venous Return = The amount of blood pumped by the heart in 1 min. Cardiac Output = The amount of blood that returns to the heart. Preload = The degree of ventricular contraction during systole.
Match the following terms with their values:
Stroke Volume = 72 milliliters/beat. Heart Rate = 70 beats/min. Cardiac Output = 5 Liters/min. Preload = 70 milliliters
Match the following terms with their effects on cardiac output:
Increase in Stroke Volume = Increase in cardiac output. Decrease in Heart Rate = Decrease in cardiac output. Increase in Preload = Increase in cardiac output. Decrease in Venous Return = Increase in cardiac output.
Match the following terms with their relationships:
Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume = Directly proportional. Heart Rate and Cardiac Output = Inversely proportional. Preload and Venous Return = Directly proportional. Stroke Volume and Preload = Inversely proportional.
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Cardiac Output = The amount of blood pumped by a ventricle in 1 min. Stroke Volume = The volume of blood pumped per ventricle per contraction. Heart Rate = The number of heart beats in 1 min. Venous Return = The volume of blood pumped by the heart in 1 min.
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Intrinsic Regulation = Mechanisms that control cardiac output from outside the heart. Venous Return = The amount of blood that returns to the heart. Preload = The degree of ventricular contraction during systole. Cardiac Output = The volume of blood pumped by the heart in 1 min.
Study Notes
The Cardiovascular System
- The heart is a muscular organ essential for life, pumping blood throughout the body.
- The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
- A healthy adult heart pumps approximately 5 liters of blood per minute.
Heart Structure and Function
- The heart is actually two pumps in one, with the right side pumping blood to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart.
- The left side pumps blood to all other body tissues and back to the right side of the heart.
- The heart generates blood pressure, routes blood, ensures one-way blood flow, and regulates blood supply.
Heart Characteristics
- Size: the size of a fist, weighing less than 1 lb.
- Location: between the lungs in the thoracic cavity.
- Orientation: apex (bottom) points towards the left side.
Pericardium
- A double-layered sac that anchors and protects the heart.
- Consists of parietal pericardium (outer membrane) and visceral pericardium (inner membrane).
- Pericardial cavity: space between the two layers.
Heart External Anatomy
- A coronary sulcus extends around the heart, separating the atria from the ventricles.
Control of Heart Valves
- Papillary muscles in the ventricles contract to prevent valves from opening into the atria.
- Chordae tendineae connect papillary muscles to valve cusps.
Semilunar Heart Valves
- Located between the ventricles and arteries.
- Pulmonary valve (between RV and pulmonary trunk) and aortic valve (between LV and aorta).
- Each valve has three half-moon shaped cusps.
Cardiac Cycle
- Atrial systole: contraction of atria.
- Ventricular systole: contraction of ventricles.
- Atrial diastole: relaxation of atria.
- Ventricular diastole: relaxation of ventricles.
Heart Sounds
- Heart sounds are produced due to the closure of heart valves.
- A stethoscope is used to hear heart sounds.
- The first heart sound makes a ‘lubb’ sound, while the second heart sound makes a ‘dupp’ sound.
- The first heart sound is from atrioventricular valve closure, while the second heart sound is from semilunar valve closure.
Heart Function Regulation
- Stroke Volume: volume of blood pumped per ventricle per contraction (around 70 milliliters/beat).
- Heart Rate: number of heart beats in 1 minute (around 72 beats/min).
- Cardiac Output: volume of blood pumped by a ventricle in 1 minute (CO = SV × HR).
- CO = 5 Liters/min in a healthy adult.
Intrinsic Regulation of the Heart
- Venous return: the amount of blood that returns to the heart.
- Preload: the degree ventricular walls are stretched at the end of diastole.
- Venous return, preload, and stroke volume are related to each other.
Test your knowledge on the heart and its functions as a part of the cardiovascular system. Learn about the muscular organ that pumps blood through the body. Based on Seeley's Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 11th Edition.
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