Cardiovascular System Circulation: NSCI5720 Vertebrate Anatomy & Physiology
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Questions and Answers

Where does oxygenated blood leave the heart through?

  • Pulmonary veins
  • Cranial and caudal vena cavae
  • Aorta (correct)
  • Capillaries

    • What is the function of the capillaries?

  • To filter waste from the blood
  • To regulate blood pressure
  • To pump blood throughout the body
  • To exchange oxygen and nutrients with the body's cells (correct)

    • What is the outermost layer of a blood vessel?

  • Tunica externa (correct)
  • Endothelial cells
  • Tunica media
  • Tunica intima

    • What is the middle layer of a blood vessel composed of?

    <p>A combination of smooth muscle and elastic fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the tunica externa?

    <p>To prevent the vessel from overexpanding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissue makes up the tunica externa?

    <p>Fibrous connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of arteries in the circulatory system?

    <p>To carry oxygenated blood away from the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the 'enveloping membrane' or layer of tissue in the blood vessel wall?

    <p>Tunica</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a fast heart rate?

    <p>Tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the space within the blood vessel where the blood flows?

    <p>Lumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the absence of ventricular contraction, also known as cardiac arrest?

    <p>Asystole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of veins in the circulatory system?

    <p>To carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of elastic fibers in blood vessels?

    <p>To prevent blood vessel rupture during pulsing when the heart contracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of vasoconstriction on blood pressure?

    <p>It increases blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary location of vasoconstriction and vasodilation?

    <p>Arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the tunica intima?

    <p>To provide a smooth surface for blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of vasodilation on blood pressure?

    <p>It decreases blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of smooth muscle in blood vessels?

    <p>To regulate blood pressure through contraction and relaxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of the 'lub-dub' sounds we hear when auscultating the heart?

    <p>The closing of the atrioventricular valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which part of the cardiac cycle do the atrioventricular valves close?

    <p>Ventricular contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the cyclical pattern of heart contraction and relaxation in response to electrical changes within the cells?

    <p>Cardiac cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following arteries originates from the left ventricle?

    <p>Aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prevents blood from flowing back into the ventricles during diastole?

    <p>The closure of the semilunar valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of high pressure in the blood vessels?

    <p>A big number on a blood pressure reading</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pulmonary veins?

    <p>To carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of systole?

    <p>Active contraction of the ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cardiac muscle cells spontaneously contract?

    <p>Automatic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the Sinoatrial node located?

    <p>At the junction of the cranial vena cava and the right atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Atrioventricular node?

    <p>To initiate ventricular contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following veins collects blood from the forelegs and head?

    <p>Cranial Vena Cava</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the baseline rate of contraction of the Sinoatrial node?

    <p>Not specified</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the signal sent by the Sinoatrial node?

    <p>To initiate atrial contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Blood Vessels

    • Blood vessels have three layers: Tunica externa (outer connective tissue layer), Tunica media (middle layer with smooth muscle and elastic tissue), and Tunica intima (innermost layer with endothelial cells)
    • Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, except pulmonary arteries, which carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs
    • Veins carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart, except pulmonary veins, which carry oxygenated blood from the lungs

    Arteries vs Veins

    • Arteries have thicker Tunica media for vasoconstriction and vasodilation to regulate blood pressure
    • Veins have thinner Tunica media with less smooth muscle, making them less responsive to vasoconstriction and vasodilation

    Capillaries

    • Smallest blood vessels where gas and nutrient exchange occurs through passive diffusion
    • Oxygenated blood flows in and deoxygenated blood flows out

    Major Arteries and Veins

    • Aorta: largest artery carrying oxygenated blood from the heart to the entire body
    • Cranial and Caudal Vena Cavae: largest veins carrying deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart
    • Pulmonary arteries and veins: carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood from the lungs, respectively

    Heart and Cardiac Cycle

    • Sinoatrial (SA) node: pacemaker located at the junction of the cranial vena cava and the right atrium, controlling heart rhythm and rate
    • Cardiac cycle: heartbeat consisting of systole (ventricular contraction) and diastole (ventricular relaxation)
    • Heart sounds: "lub" (S1) is the closing of the AV valves during ventricular contraction, and "dub" (S2) is the closing of the semilunar valves during ventricular relaxation

    Blood Pressure

    • Systolic pressure: highest pressure during ventricular contraction (systole)
    • Diastolic pressure: lowest pressure during ventricular relaxation (diastole)
    • Blood pressure regulation is crucial to maintain a healthy range and prevent high or low pressure.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the structure and functions of the cardiovascular system, including blood vessels, arteries, veins, capillaries, and the heart. It also explores blood pressure and the cardiac cycle.

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