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Questions and Answers
In terms of its tissue classification, blood is classified as _________ because it has living blood cells called _______ suspended in a nonliving fluid matrix called _________.
In terms of its tissue classification, blood is classified as _________ because it has living blood cells called _______ suspended in a nonliving fluid matrix called _________.
connective tissue, formed elements, plasma
The 'fibers' of blood only become visible during _______.
The 'fibers' of blood only become visible during _______.
clotting
If a blood sample is centrifuged... Most of this compacted cell mass is composed of _____, and the volume of blood accounted for by these cells is referred to as the __________.
If a blood sample is centrifuged... Most of this compacted cell mass is composed of _____, and the volume of blood accounted for by these cells is referred to as the __________.
erythrocytes, hematocrit
The less dense ________ rises to the top and constitutes about 45% of the blood volume.
The less dense ________ rises to the top and constitutes about 45% of the blood volume.
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The so-called 'Buffy coat', composed of ______ and _____, is found at the junction between the other two blood elements.
The so-called 'Buffy coat', composed of ______ and _____, is found at the junction between the other two blood elements.
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The Buffy coat accounts for less than ______ % of blood volume.
The Buffy coat accounts for less than ______ % of blood volume.
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Blood is scarlet red in color when it is loaded with _____; otherwise, it tends to be dark red.
Blood is scarlet red in color when it is loaded with _____; otherwise, it tends to be dark red.
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Most numerous leukocyte?
Most numerous leukocyte?
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Which of the following are granular leukocytes?
Which of the following are granular leukocytes?
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Which blood cell is also called an erythrocyte?
Which blood cell is also called an erythrocyte?
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Which of the following increases during parasite attacks?
Which of the following increases during parasite attacks?
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White blood cells (WBCs) move into and out of blood vessels by the process of 'positive chemotaxis'.
White blood cells (WBCs) move into and out of blood vessels by the process of 'positive chemotaxis'.
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An abnormal decrease in the number of WBCs is 'leukopenia'.
An abnormal decrease in the number of WBCs is 'leukopenia'.
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When blood becomes too acidic or too basic, both the respiratory system and the 'liver' may be called into action to restore it to its normal pH range.
When blood becomes too acidic or too basic, both the respiratory system and the 'liver' may be called into action to restore it to its normal pH range.
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The normal pH range of blood is '7.00' to 7.45.
The normal pH range of blood is '7.00' to 7.45.
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The only WBC type to arise from lymphoid stem cells is the 'lymphocyte'.
The only WBC type to arise from lymphoid stem cells is the 'lymphocyte'.
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What starts the clotting process?
What starts the clotting process?
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The plasma components that form the fibrous skeleton of a clot consists of?
The plasma components that form the fibrous skeleton of a clot consists of?
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What is the normal pH of blood?
What is the normal pH of blood?
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Define the term 'transfusion reaction'.
Define the term 'transfusion reaction'.
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A fetus has a special type of hemoglobin, hemoglobin __________, that has a particular affinity for oxygen.
A fetus has a special type of hemoglobin, hemoglobin __________, that has a particular affinity for oxygen.
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When the immature infant liver cannot keep pace with the demands to rid the body of hemoglobin breakdown products, the infant's tissues become yellowed, or __________.
When the immature infant liver cannot keep pace with the demands to rid the body of hemoglobin breakdown products, the infant's tissues become yellowed, or __________.
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An anemia in which RBCs become sharp and 'logjam' in the blood vessels under conditions of low-oxygen tension in the blood is _______ anemia.
An anemia in which RBCs become sharp and 'logjam' in the blood vessels under conditions of low-oxygen tension in the blood is _______ anemia.
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Bleeder's disease, or ________, is a result of a deficiency of certain clotting factors.
Bleeder's disease, or ________, is a result of a deficiency of certain clotting factors.
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Women are particularly prone to ______ - deficiency anemia because of their monthly menses.
Women are particularly prone to ______ - deficiency anemia because of their monthly menses.
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A decreased efficiency of the gastric mucosa makes elderly individuals particularly susceptible to ___________ anemia as a result of a lack of intrinsic factor which is necessary for vitamin _________ absorption.
A decreased efficiency of the gastric mucosa makes elderly individuals particularly susceptible to ___________ anemia as a result of a lack of intrinsic factor which is necessary for vitamin _________ absorption.
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An important problem in aged individuals is their tendency to form undesirable clots, or _________.
An important problem in aged individuals is their tendency to form undesirable clots, or _________.
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At the Clinic: What is this condition, a result of Rh incompatibility, called?
At the Clinic: What is this condition, a result of Rh incompatibility, called?
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At the Clinic: Why is the baby cyanotic?
At the Clinic: Why is the baby cyanotic?
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At the Clinic: What measures should be taken to prevent the previously described situation from happening in a second pregnancy with an Rh-positive baby?
At the Clinic: What measures should be taken to prevent the previously described situation from happening in a second pregnancy with an Rh-positive baby?
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At the Clinic: Could he be the father of her child? If not, what blood type would the father be expected to have?
At the Clinic: Could he be the father of her child? If not, what blood type would the father be expected to have?
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At the Clinic: Mrs. Graves has just donated a pint of blood. Which of the formed elements will be produced in the greatest quantities?
At the Clinic: Mrs. Graves has just donated a pint of blood. Which of the formed elements will be produced in the greatest quantities?
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Which of the following are true concerning erythrocytes?
Which of the following are true concerning erythrocytes?
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A serious bacterial infection leads to more of these cells in the blood?
A serious bacterial infection leads to more of these cells in the blood?
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Sickling of RBCs can be induced in those with sickle-cell anemia by?
Sickling of RBCs can be induced in those with sickle-cell anemia by?
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A child is diagnosed with sickle-cell anemia. This means that?
A child is diagnosed with sickle-cell anemia. This means that?
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Which would lead to increased erythropoiesis?
Which would lead to increased erythropoiesis?
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Which of the following does not characterize leukocytes?
Which of the following does not characterize leukocytes?
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The blood cell that can attack a specific antigen is a(n)?
The blood cell that can attack a specific antigen is a(n)?
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The leukocyte that releases histamine and other inflammatory chemicals is the?
The leukocyte that releases histamine and other inflammatory chemicals is the?
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Leukocytes share all of the following features except?
Leukocytes share all of the following features except?
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In leukemia?
In leukemia?
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A condition resulting from thrombocytopenia?
A condition resulting from thrombocytopenia?
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Which of the following can cause problems in a transfusion reaction?
Which of the following can cause problems in a transfusion reaction?
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If an Rh- mother becomes pregnant, when can hemolytic disease of the newborn NOT POSSIBLY occur in the child?
If an Rh- mother becomes pregnant, when can hemolytic disease of the newborn NOT POSSIBLY occur in the child?
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What is the difference between a thrombus and an embolus?
What is the difference between a thrombus and an embolus?
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The normal RBC count is?
The normal RBC count is?
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Study Notes
Blood Overview
- Blood is classified as connective tissue, consisting of formed elements (living blood cells) suspended in a nonliving fluid matrix (plasma).
- Hematocrit refers to the volume percentage of red blood cells in blood.
Blood Composition
- Blood is composed of erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets.
- Plasma constitutes about 45% of blood volume and is primarily water; it serves as the fluid matrix.
Components of Blood
- The "Buffy coat" is the layer containing leukocytes and platelets found between plasma and erythrocytes.
- Erythrocytes are annucleate and contain hemoglobin, allowing them to carry oxygen.
Types of Blood Cells
- Neutrophils are the most numerous leukocytes and play a key role in phagocytosis.
- Eosinophils increase during parasite attacks, while basophils release histamines during allergic reactions.
- Monocytes are phagocytic leukocytes that increase in number during infections.
Blood Conditions
- Anemia results from a decreased number of erythrocytes or hemoglobin, leading to symptoms such as fatigue and weakness.
- Hemophilia is a condition characterized by abnormal blood coagulation due to deficiencies in clotting factors.
- Leukemia is cancer of the blood affecting the production and function of white blood cells.
Blood pH and Volume
- Normal blood pH ranges from 7.35 to 7.45; deviations can lead to acidosis or alkalosis.
- The average adult has approximately 4 to 6 liters of blood, with variations based on size and sex.
Blood Clotting Process
- Clotting initiates when a break occurs in a blood vessel.
- Platelets adhere to the site of injury and release serotonin, which helps constrict blood vessels.
- Thromboplastin released from damaged cells interacts with prothrombin and other factors to form thrombin, which converts fibrinogen to fibrin for clot formation.
Blood Types
- Type O is the universal donor, while type AB is the universal recipient, as they do not have antibodies against A or B antigens.
- A transfusion reaction can occur when mismatched blood types are mixed, leading to the lysis of red blood cells.
Disease Prevention and Treatment
- Treatments for conditions like hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) due to Rh incompatibility include administering RhoGAM to prevent antibody formation in Rh-negative mothers.
- Regular monitoring and management of anemia, leukemia, and hemophilia can significantly improve quality of life.
Erythrocyte Facts
- Erythrocytes rely on anaerobic respiration for energy production, and their unique biconcave shape increases surface area for gas exchange.
- Increased erythropoiesis can occur in response to blood loss or low oxygen levels, as the body compensates for decreased oxygen transport capacity.
Leukocyte Functionality
- White blood cells are critical for immune response; neutrophils respond to bacterial infections, while lymphocytes target specific antigens.
- The blood cell count and functionality can provide insights into health status and potential infections.
General Considerations
- Identification of anemic conditions and routine exams help maintain overall health and adequate blood function.
- Education on the differences between thrombus and embolus is essential in understanding blood circulation complications.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge of blood as a connective tissue in this flashcard quiz. Explore key terms related to blood components such as erythrocytes, plasma, and clotting. Perfect for students studying Anatomy and Physiology.
