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Questions and Answers
What are the levels of organization in the human body, from smallest to largest?
What are the levels of organization in the human body, from smallest to largest?
Which directional term refers to the front of the body?
Which directional term refers to the front of the body?
Which plane divides the body into left and right halves?
Which plane divides the body into left and right halves?
Which body cavity contains the brain?
Which body cavity contains the brain?
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Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of a stable external environment.
Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of a stable external environment.
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Which type of feedback mechanism counteracts changes in the body?
Which type of feedback mechanism counteracts changes in the body?
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What is the main function of mitochondria in a cell?
What is the main function of mitochondria in a cell?
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What are the two main types of nucleic acids?
What are the two main types of nucleic acids?
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Which type of bond involves the sharing of electrons between atoms?
Which type of bond involves the sharing of electrons between atoms?
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What is the function of enzymes in chemical reactions?
What is the function of enzymes in chemical reactions?
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The cell membrane is composed primarily of lipids and proteins.
The cell membrane is composed primarily of lipids and proteins.
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What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?
What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?
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Which type of cell transport requires energy?
Which type of cell transport requires energy?
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What is the name of the process by which cells engulf large particles, such as bacteria?
What is the name of the process by which cells engulf large particles, such as bacteria?
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Which type of tissue covers body surfaces and lines cavities?
Which type of tissue covers body surfaces and lines cavities?
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Which type of muscle tissue is found in the heart?
Which type of muscle tissue is found in the heart?
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Nervous tissue is responsible for conducting electrical impulses throughout the body.
Nervous tissue is responsible for conducting electrical impulses throughout the body.
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?
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Which part of a long bone contains marrow?
Which part of a long bone contains marrow?
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Which type of joint allows for free movement?
Which type of joint allows for free movement?
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Which type of muscle is responsible for voluntary movement?
Which type of muscle is responsible for voluntary movement?
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What is the functional unit of a muscle fiber?
What is the functional unit of a muscle fiber?
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T tubules are responsible for transmitting nerve impulses into muscle fibers.
T tubules are responsible for transmitting nerve impulses into muscle fibers.
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Which of the following is NOT a step in skeletal muscle contraction?
Which of the following is NOT a step in skeletal muscle contraction?
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What is the name of the outermost layer of the skin?
What is the name of the outermost layer of the skin?
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Which layer of the epidermis is responsible for producing melanin?
Which layer of the epidermis is responsible for producing melanin?
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What is the name of the connective tissue that lies beneath the epidermis?
What is the name of the connective tissue that lies beneath the epidermis?
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What is the main function of the arrector pili muscle?
What is the main function of the arrector pili muscle?
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What is the name of the sweat glands that secrete thicker sweat in the armpits?
What is the name of the sweat glands that secrete thicker sweat in the armpits?
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The skin plays a role in regulating body temperature.
The skin plays a role in regulating body temperature.
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Which type of bone is responsible for providing strength and protection?
Which type of bone is responsible for providing strength and protection?
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What is the name of the cells that break down bone?
What is the name of the cells that break down bone?
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Which type of bone formation occurs when cartilage is replaced by bone?
Which type of bone formation occurs when cartilage is replaced by bone?
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What type of joint is found in the skull?
What type of joint is found in the skull?
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Which type of movement involves moving a limb away from the midline?
Which type of movement involves moving a limb away from the midline?
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Which type of muscle is found in the walls of internal organs?
Which type of muscle is found in the walls of internal organs?
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The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores calcium, which is essential for muscle contraction.
The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores calcium, which is essential for muscle contraction.
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Study Notes
Chapter 1: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
- Atoms combine to form molecules, which join to create cells. Cells form tissues, tissues form organs, and organs combine to create organ systems. Finally, organ systems come together to form organisms.
- Anatomical terms describe direction and location relative to the body's position. Anterior means front, posterior means back. Superior is above, inferior is below. Medial is towards the midline, and lateral is away from the midline.
- Planes divide the body for easier study. Sagittal planes split the body into left and right halves. Transverse planes divide it into top and bottom, and coronal planes into front and back halves.
- Key body cavities include the cranial cavity (containing the brain), thoracic cavity (containing the heart and lungs), and the abdominopelvic cavity (housing digestive organs, kidneys, bladder).
- Homeostasis is the process of maintaining a stable internal environment.
- Feedback mechanisms (e.g., temperature regulation, childbirth) regulate this stability.
- Negative feedback counteracts changes.
- Positive feedback amplifies changes.
- An imbalance in homeostasis can lead to illness or disorder.
- Feedback mechanisms (e.g., temperature regulation, childbirth) regulate this stability.
Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life
- Atoms consist of protons and neutrons in the nucleus, and electrons orbit the nucleus.
- Molecules are two or more atoms bonded together (e.g., O2) whereas compounds are molecules containing different types of atoms bonded together (e.g., H20).
- Chemical bonds include:
- Ionic bonds, which involve the transfer of electrons.
- Covalent bonds, which involve the sharing of electrons.
- Hydrogen bonds, which are weak bonds between polar molecules.
- Important solutions include both hydrophilic (water-loving) and hydrophobic (water-repelling) substances.
- Macromolecules are large organic molecules grouped as carbohydrates (energy), lipids (energy storage/structure), proteins (function/structure), and nucleic acids (genetic material).
- Monomers are the building blocks of macromolecules (e.g., monosaccharides for carbohydrates, amino acids for proteins, etc.).
- Reactions, such as dehydration synthesis (building molecules by removing water), and hydrolysis (breaking molecules by adding water), are essential for life processes.
- Enzymes act as catalysts that speed up essential reactions by lowering the activation energy required.
Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function
- Organelles have specific functions within the cell: Nucleus stores DNA, mitochondria produce energy (ATP), ribosomes synthesize proteins, endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth) are involved in protein and lipid production respectively, Golgi apparatus packages proteins, and lysosomes break down waste.
- Cell transport mechanisms like diffusion (movement from high to low concentration), osmosis (diffusion of water), passive transport (no energy required), active transport (requires energy), endocytosis ("cell intake" - pinocytosis is "drinking" and phagocytosis is "eating"), and exocytosis ("cell expelling") are crucial for cell function.
Chapter 4: Tissues
- Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces and lines cavities.
- Connective tissue supports structures like bone, cartilage, and blood.
- Muscle tissue includes skeletal (voluntary), cardiac (involuntary), and smooth (involuntary) which are involved in movement.
- Nervous tissue is responsible for signal conduction.
Chapter 5: Integumentary System
- The skin (integument) is composed of the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. Accessory structures include hair, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.
- Skin functions include protection, water regulation, waste elimination, and sensory input.
Chapter 6: Skeletal System
- The skeletal system provides support, protection, blood cell production, and fat/mineral storage.
- Long bones have distinct anatomical regions.
- Bone cells like osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts maintain, build, and break down bone, respectively. Specific types of joints can be immovable, slightly movable, or freely movable depending upon their structure. Bone types include compact, which is dense for strength, and spongy bone, with a lattice-like structure for support.
- Bone ossification (formation) can be intramembranous (membrane-based) or endochondral (cartilage-based) formation.
Chapter 7: Muscular System
- Muscle tissue types include skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.
- Skeletal muscle is responsible for voluntary movement.
- Muscle fibers (individual muscle cells) have components like sarcoplasm (cytoplasm), sarcolemma (cell membrane), and sarcoplasmic reticulum (calcium storage).
- Skeletal muscle contraction occurs through steps involving nerve impulses triggering calcium release, calcium binding to troponin, and sliding filaments driven by ATP.
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Description
Explore the foundational concepts of human anatomy and physiology, including how atoms form molecules and ultimately create living organisms. This chapter covers anatomical terminology, body planes, key body cavities, and the concept of homeostasis. Test your understanding of these essential ideas that support our physical structure and function.
